^{Project co-sponsored by STARTALK@Kean University}

^{STARTALK Page  ◊  STARTALK Principles in Urdu}   

 स्टारटाक के भाषा शिक्षण के ६ सिद्धांत

Introduction: The STARTALK principles describe characteristics of highly effective language teaching and learning. An ideal learning experience is framed by a standards-based and thematically organized curriculum that integrates culture, content and language. Learners work with authentic, age-appropriate texts in a learner-centered environment as they engage in real-world performance tasks that allow them to use the target language beyond the classroom.

_{1. Implementing a Standards-Based and Thematically Organized Curriculum}

• _{The thematic unit is standards-based. The content is cognitively engaging and relevant to the learner.}
• _{Every unit assesses a student’s increasing ability to use language for real-world purposes.}
• _{Each lesson supports the goals of the unit by having clearly stated learning targets that indicate what students will know and be able to do by the end of the lesson.}
• _{Lesson design is research based and learning experiences are sequenced in ways that allow for maximum student learning.}
• _{Grammar is not the focus of the course, unit, or lesson. The teacher teaches grammar as a tool for communication, avoiding meaningless rote drills and ensuring that all practice requires attention to meaning.}

About the Standards in Hindi      ◊     Listen to Principle 1 in Hindi 

_{2. Facilitating a Learner-Centered Classroom}

_{Example    At-A-Glance PDF}

• _{The teacher acts as a partner with students in the learning process.}
• _{The teacher engages learners in cognitively challenging real-world tasks. Examples}
• _{The teacher provides multiple opportunities for learners to collaborate in pair and small group activities while interpreting and expressing ideas about topics of interest to them. There is frequent student-to-student interaction.}
• _{The teacher makes instructional decisions based on learner’s performance and allows for ongoing feedback from a variety of sources to improve learner’s performance.}

Listen to Principle 2 in Hindi  

सिद्धांत २: छात्र केन्द्रित कक्षा:

१. सीखने की प्रक्रिया में शिक्षिका छात्र का साथी/सहभागी होती है.

२. शिक्षिका  छात्रों को जीवन-अनुभवों में सहज बोध के साथ (cognitively) जुटने की चुनौती देती है.

३. शिक्षिका छात्रों को जोड़ों और समूहों में उनकी पसंद के विषयों को समझने और उन पर विचारों की अभिव्यक्ति के अनेकों अवसर देती है. छात्र लगातार आपस में विचारों का आदान-प्रदान करते हैं.

४. शिक्षिका छात्रों के काम (performance) के मुताबिक आगे के शिक्षण के फैसले लेती है और उनके काम को लगातार बेहतर बनाने के लिये कइ तरह के तरीकों का सहारा लेती है.

_{3. Using the Target Language and Providing Comprehensible Input for Instruction}

_Example   

• _{The teacher uses the target language at least 90 percent of the time. Examples}
• _{The teacher demonstrates and models to make input comprehensible. Students learn vocabulary from using it in language-rich contexts such as stories, hands-on experiences, picture descriptions, or subject-matter content. Examples}
• _{The teacher uses a variety of strategies to make language comprehensible, monitors student comprehension, and makes adjustments as necessary. Examples}
• _{The teacher avoids the use of translation by using verbal and non-verbal strategies and also avoids eliciting translation from students.}

Listen to Principle 3 in Hindi   

सिद्धांत ३: शिक्षण के लिये लक्ष्य (target) भाषा का इस्तेमाल और बोधगम्य निवेश   (comprehensive input) प्रदान करना:

१. शिक्षक कक्षा मे ९०% समय लक्ष्य भाषा का ही इस्तेमाल करता है.

२. शिक्षक भाषा को समझने लायक या बोधगम्य बनाने का नमूना पेश करता है. छात्र शब्द भाषा-संदर्भो में इस्तेमाल करके सीखते हैं जैसे कि कहानियों, तस्वीरों के वर्णन या विषय के संदर्भ में.

३.  शिक्षक भाषा को बोधगम्य बनाने के लिए कइ तरह के पैंतरों का इस्तेमाल करता है, छात्रों की समझ पर आँख रखता है और जरूरत के हिसाब से कमोबेशी करता है.

४.  शिक्षक अनुवाद की अवहेलना करता है तथा बोलचाल या मूक भाषा के पैतरों का इस्तेमाल करके संप्रेषण करता है तथा छात्रों को भी अनुवाद करने से बरजता है.

_{4. Integrating Culture, Content, and Language in a World Language Classroom}

_{Example    At-A-Glance PDF}

• _{Learners acquire cultural knowledge and insights as they consider and reflect on the relationships among the products, practices and perspectives of the cultures being studied.}
• _{Content-related instruction allows learners to make meaningful connections to the world around them. Learners build, reinforce, and expand their knowledge of other disciplines and the world while using the target language.}
• _{Learning experiences are designed to allow students to use language as they work with the content and cultural topics of the unit.}
• _{Learners engage in meaningful and purposeful communication. They communicate. They know how, when and why to say what to whom.}

Listen to Principle 4 in Hindi  

४. छात्र सार्थक व सोद्देश्य संप्रेषण करते हैं. वे आपस मे खुलकर बातचीत करते हैं. उनको मालूम है कि कैसे, कब और क्यों किसी से क्या कहना है.

_{5. Adapting and Using Age-Appropriate Authentic Materials}

• _{The teacher uses authentic materials and designs tasks appropriate to the language proficiency and age level of the learners.}
• _{The teacher uses a variety of authentic print and non-print materials.}

Listen to Principle 4 in Hindi

२. शिक्षिका कई तरह की लिखित और अलिखित प्रामाणिक सामग्री का इस्तेमाल करती है.

_{6. Conducting Performance-Based Assessment}

• _{The teacher uses formative checks for learning during lessons to adjust instruction as needed and to provide timely feedback to learners.}
• _{Learners know how well they are doing with regard to specific learning goals and they know what they can do to improve their performance.}
• _{Learners have the ability to assess their own learning.}
• _{Learners engage in summative real-world performance tasks to demonstrate how well they have met the performance goals of the unit.}

Listen to Principle 6 in Hindi  

३. छात्रों ने कि तना सीखा है, इसकी जांच वे खुद कर सकने की योग्यता रखते हैं.

४. अंतत: छात्र यथार्थ दुनिया में भाषा का इस्तेमाल कि स तरह होता है इस का प्रदर्शन कार्य (performance) दिखाकर करते हैं कि अपने पाठ के उद्देश्य को उन्होंने कि तनी अच्छी तरह से प्राप्त कर लिया है.

^{(This mini project was developed by: text by Susham Bedi, audio-recording in Hindi by Shilpa Parnami and in Urdu by Romeena Kureishy. It is sponsored by STARTALK, STARTALK@Kean University and STARTALK@NYU)}