Hale, Joanna, Jacqueline M. Thompson, Helen M. Morgan, Marinella Cappelletti, and Roi C. Kadosh. “Better Together? The Cognitive Advantages of Synaesthesia for Time, Numbers, and Space.” Cognitive Neuropsychology 31.7-8 (2014): 545-64. Taylor & Francis Online. Web. 28 Nov. 2014. <http://ezproxy.library.nyu.edu:2452/doi/full/10.1080/02643294.2014.967759#.VHj7SDHF83Q>.
All of the contributors to the article come from psychology departments at American universities. The authors argue that there is a difference between the magnitude and sequence accounts of TNS (time, numbers, and space) synaesthesia, and that the difference is clarified somewhat in there experiment. It seems that their intended audience regards mostly other psychologists and psychology scholars who cannot clearly decide upon which account is more veritable in the broader scheme of synaesthetes. It seems as if the experiment was conducted with direct intentions for results, yet bias is not apparent in the paper, nor in the trials themselves. The experimenters set up multiple control groups to compare with the TNS synaesthetes which made for some interesting results and a more accurate conclusion to be drawn, yet it could have gone more in-depth with its analysis of those other test subjects (grapheme-color synaesthetes and non-synaesthetes). The information in the article provides a wealth of background information for our technical specs. section and does not refute any claims we intend to make, while instead clarifying a specific type of synaesthesia for our group.
Kay, Collette L., Duncan A. Carmichael, Henry E. Ruffell, and Julia Simner. “Colour Fluctuations in Grapheme-colour Synaesthesia: The Effect of Clinical and Non-clinical Mood Changes.” British Journal of Psychology(2014): n. pag. Wiley Online Library. Web. 28 Nov. 2014. <http://ezproxy.library.nyu.edu:2153/doi/10.1111/bjop.12102/full>.
The article’s contributors all work in Psychology departments of two Universities in the UK (University of Edinburgh and University of Sussex). The authors conducted a series of experiments testing grapheme-color synaesthetes and attempting to find a correlation between mood and the colors they experience. As it turns out, the evidence supports the claim that mood does in fact alter the colors they perceive (noted by a change in luminance). The article is intended for other scholars of psychology along with those interested in this field of research. Considering that the article is actually a publication of a science paper, the only room for bias is in the fact that it’s possible the authors drew more on correlation rather than causation, yet they do not make any claims that surpass what their evidence supports. The article offers a great deal of experimental details about grapheme-color synaesthetes, but lacks personal anecdotes or experience as it is essentially a lab report. I believe it does not deny anything our research paper intends to do, and actually extends the believability of our invention and the feasibility in many ways too. It seems relevant to our investigation considering it could provide useful information when looking at how our device could alter the moods of its users, along with their general brain functions.
Rouw, Romke, and K. Richard Ridderinkhof. “The Most Intriguing Question in Synesthesia Research.” Cognitive Neuroscience 5.2 (2014): 128-30.Taylor & Francis Online. Web. 7 Dec. 2014. <http://ezproxy.library.nyu.edu:2452/doi/full/10.1080/17588928.2014.906400#tabModule>.
Both of the authors of this journal source work together at the University of Amsterdam’s center for the study of adaptive control in brain and behavior. Rouw and Ridderinkhof gathered information on the current analysis of synesthesia and put forth a broad, yet still unanswered question: “Why do most synesthetes *not* get confused by their additional sensations?” In the piece, they intend to clarify the boundaries of this question, in addition to attempting to answer it. The findings of the article extend past those in psychology departments around the world as it also begins to put together an even bigger question of personal realities and the lack of objectivity within them. Dealing with a heavily subjective topic, one would think there would be room for bias, yet the authors handle the research with scientific treatment and was tormented with quite a large amount of peer review before being released to the database. One of the major values of this source is that it answers questions that could worry our target audience and settles some fears of unwanted imaginative realities for children. It provides a great deal of detail about multiple types of synesthesia too, and mostly seems to focus on Grapheme-color synesthesia (like we will be doing in our presentation).
Education is in need of and always will be ready for positive changes. All too often do we find young children struggling to grasp the most basic material, and once they’ve fallen behind they end up staying behind and below for no good reason. In recent times, focusing on one sense and one task at a time has become so very difficult for the general populace: no longer can we sit quietly to work… We must be relaxed in some ‘calm’ setting while music blares from within our headphones and we simultaneously attempt to read, write, and browse the internet on our computers. The best way to fight this collective jumbling of the senses is simple: if you can’t beat it, encourage it and develop it in a beneficial way. I present to you the brand new Synesthizer and with it I hope to cure the population of human beings with attention deficiency by discombobulating you all even further than ever before imagined!
Essentially the device is a learning tool for young children and even adults. We hope to cater to schools around the world, parents with children who are particularly in need of assistance with schoolwork, and any adults who wish to have the experience of synesthesia. It serves to grant one with the bewildering neurological phenomena of synesthesia in any of its forms. Many studies have shown that multiple types of synesthesia (rightly named ‘union of the senses’) can produce helpful responses in cognitive and perceptual processes of the mind. The device aims to provide one with access to 7 basic forms of synesthesia including:
Grapheme-color – Though it is already one of the most common types of synesthesia, it involves the association of certain letters or numbers (any character) with a particular color. Grapheme-color synesthesia is most often conducive to the learning of reading and writing, allowing children to more easily spell and put together words.
Figure 1 – For someone with Grapheme – color synesthesia this can be automatic.
Chromesthesia – Also quite common today, chromesthesia is defined as the linkage of sounds and colors or distinct visual experiences. This form of synesthesia is most capable of producing stronger musicians as many individuals who already have it are reported to more easily discern musical notes and pitch.
Spatial Sequence Synesthesia (SSS) – SSS creates a bond between numerical sequences and points in space and time. Though every case varies, often people with SSS have stronger and more detailed memories of specific events.
Number form – Allows one to view numbers as a mental visual map.
Auditory-tactile – Sounds produce kinesthetic responses by the brain and body.
Mirror-touch – An odd form of synesthesia in which one experiences the same sensation that another noticeable human being is feeling. This can be quite conducive to the empathy levels of young children.
Lexical-gustatory – When one experiences certain tastes in association with a word.
These sensations (or mixing of) range from associating letters, numbers or other characters with a color to feeling a mirrored sensation of what one views another human experiencing. All of these may not be quite as accommodating to adults as they would be to children. According to Vannevar Bush, “every time one combines and records facts in accordance with established logical processes, the creative aspect of thinking is concerned only with the selection of the date and the process to be employed and the manipulation thereafter is repetitive in nature” (4). I don’t suggest we relegate all tedious tasks to machines, rather I believe it would be more beneficial to the human race if we could make the mundane interesting and creative just by changing our own train of thought. Fortunately,it is known that after enough usage of the device, young minds will continue to have these combinations of the senses on their own, which isn’t exactly a bad thing. Considering that the entire point of this device is to establish a simpler blend of senses that allows children to ease into and develop sturdier methods for going about daily tasks with less confusion, it may in fact be a very good thing that the brain will take on the forms of synesthesia after a month long period of activity. Most studies find that synesthetes consistently score better in experiments testing one’s reliability of associations. With this in mind and the knowledge that most people already experiencing synesthesia view it as an at least somewhat pleasant quality, it only makes sense that this phenomena should be (carefully) taken advantage of.
In reference to the physicality and materiality of the Synesthizer, it solely a tiny computer chip which can do a multitude of things. For production it requires a quite complicated interior of computer programming and the works, yet it’s a simple rectangular figure made mostly of copper wiring, integrated circuits, and a plastic covering (‘Made In China’ is sure to be engraved upon every single one of them). The petite nature of the device is in part due to the fact that much of what it does is immaterial (i.e. a reaction in the human body). In this case, Jussi Parikka was correct with his definition of digital culture “as an immaterial sphere of information where ideas become coded into zeroes and ones, independent of material substrate,” though this device specifically is not linked with the internet and really has no reason to be at the moment. We plan to distribute the technology as either an attachment for devices that already exist worldwide such as the Oculus Rift, Google Glass, Android Wear, and even for smart phones in general (with an app). To get the most out of the technology it’s recommended that you purchase the entire set that comes along with the Synesthizer, which will include a custom fit virtual goggle set of our own craft (with attachable scent chamber), a body suit for tactile response (optional), and a state of the art headset for all intensive listening purposes.
In the end, we here at Go-Bod Productions hope our device shall aid anyone willing to utilize it. For educational purposes and for the future health of our children, we ask you to please use this device wisely.
Slogans and Mottos:
The Synesthizer – Working today for a united tomorrow!
The United Senses Project – Synthesis is what we hope to achieve!
Works Cited
Parikka, Jussi. “The Geology of Media.” (n.d.): n. pag. The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 11 Oct. 2013. Web. 16 Nov. 2014.
Bush, Vannevar. “As We May Think.” The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 01 July 1945. Web. 16 Nov. 2014.
In your preface, I find it quite interesting that you point out how ‘Text” has actually evolved into a verb, along with an expansion of its noun form. Is this change empowering to text as a form of communication or deteriorating? What implications does this transformation have for the history of other manners of communication (such as speech, sound, and the moving image)?
On page 5, you discussed how the personal computer and word processing were so very everpresent by a certain point that they were essentially inescapable. Is this true for most (or even all) popular technologies and new media? Even if we are granted a choice, is avoiding new technology a viable option of living cohesively in a constantly developing world?
The process of revisions seems to be something that is continuously revised. Is there a point at which we will reach an optimal state for this process? Or will there always be more room for increased speed and convenience?
Our classes tweets varied wildly, but there were common threads throughout the live reading of the book. Much of these similarities revolved around the treatment of the characters in the novel and the believability of its world.
Discussion of plot device and difference in style between past and present
Excitement over Margaret Atwood’s direct response and more questions asked
Disagreement on words that have been thrown out in the new world
Misunderstanding and disbelief of Oryx’s attitude towards her past
A very in-depth look at the education system (i.e. the focus on math and science over the humanities that we are already seeing today)
A lot of tweets mention the mutated and invented animals, especially pigoons, along with the desire for some of the technologies available in Jimmy’s world.
Further into the book, conversation began to focus on the analysis of the minds of the characters. More specifically, the class was very interested in looking at the motivations behind Crake’s actions and why he chose Jimmy to be the lone survivor.
Broader questions formed about the God complex, humanity and personhood in relation to the Crakers and Snowman, and when looking at the parallels between modern society and the world depicted by Snowman’s flashbacks.
There was often a lot of nitpicking at flaws in the book (both scientific and in the personalities of characters).
Overall, the story seemed to elicit a lot of coinciding responses from people, though almost everyone drew slightly different conclusions throughout the in-class discussions. For a visual map of all the tweets, follow the link below!
When looking at the major characters in Oryx and Crake, it seems somewhat apparent that they aren’t merely plot figures, but symbollic of greater overarching value systems. The title can be misleading in that the main conflict occurs between Jimmy and Crake, with Oryx laying somewhere in the middle ground in between the two. Though the in class discussions touched on the opposing forces of idealism and realism, along with the dichotomy of sensitivity and callous behavior towards society that Jimmy portrays versus Crake’s general pessimism, I’d like to look more in depth at this conflict especially in relation to the latter portion of the novel.
In the final parts of the book, we find Snowman trapped within the Rejoovenessence compound and simultaneously ensnared within the horrific past. As he traverses deeper into the pleeblands in this section, he travels further along in his own memories, recollecting information about the times and moments that led up to the destruction of the old world. At the beginning of Chapter 12, he focuses in on a few specific sexual encounters and can’t seem to escape his fantasies even when hurt and in danger. Snowman recalls a very intriguing comment Crake once made: “Nobody wanted to be sexless, but nobody wanted to be nothing but sex… Another human conundrum” (311). I think that this issue shows a much more grandeur importance throughout the novel than one might think, especially when analyzing the traits of the Crakers as the new human race. While Snowman has been also rendered sexless, Jimmy was the complete opposite and loved the trasient physical satisfaction he gained from sex, yet hated the implications involved with it. The Crakers also end up sexless in a way (though they still must do it to reproduce, their is no emotional attachement with it), and where does that really leave them? They still seem to develop complex and meaningful relationships with one another, but in a manner that lacks most ulterior motives that are present today.
In recent times, sexuality has expanded in modern culture and become something essential to an individual’s personhood. For some people, it is the determining factor of their entire personality. To think that in this society, one that’s much more open, perverse, and grotesque in every way (especially sexually), Crake would render the new world sexless is incredulous. What are the implications for removing sex from the world? Are sex and love as intertwined as we may think? Is Atwood making a broader statement here about what should be done in society or is she merely attempting to point out our current confusion with infatuation and love and the vagueness surrounded with that word in particular?
1. Is design really infinite? Will there ever be a point at which the ‘reflective design’ process mentioned on page 76 becomes outdated, just like the technologies we discuss with it?
2. When it comes to the relationship between form and content, to what extent does one outrule the other throughout our modern day society? Although form is often able to mask content, can this occur the other way around? Is it possible for content to become the cover rather than the inside of a book, or can they only mirror each other because design of certain technologies has become too ingrained in our current culture?
3. On page 94, the process of taking apart and then reassembling a work is discussed. Have order and chronology lost importance in the information era, especially in art forms such as literature and cinema? What system of mapping human society and culture has replaced the linear code we’ve always been more adapted to using?
Privacy and Gender within Tumblr and Modern Blogging
In the 7 years that Tumblr has existed, it has evolved into quite the site for social activism and recording; it was a location for people to feel comfortable and secure partly due to the originally ad free environment. Although I’ve come across a variety of discussions of social issues during my Tumblr usage, I’d like to focus on the rise of the LGBTQ community within and throughout the Tumblr-verse, specifically those who are collectively comfortable with admitting openly that they are gender queer, transsexual, or any other disposition that defies the binary gender domain of popular media. It was created for many reasons, but has become a place for interest driven groups of people to coalesce and throw together their vastly different individual backgrounds in one spot. As people find and view things they like (this may range from animated gifs of cats to news articles to transsexual porn and back to cute gifs), they either ‘like’ or ‘reblog’ a post with the click of a button, moving it to display on their dashboards (the homepage) along with the dashboards of any blog that follows them. Though this is the central form of communication, which functions in a fashion similar to a stream of consciousness, there are other ways to privately message blogs or people. The people that make it up have come a long way and the dynamic between them and the new media site becomes even more peculiar when one considers the fact that Tumblr was sold to Yahoo! in 2013, a corporation known for its policies of data collection (a method of advertisement that completely goes against the Tumblr first established in 2007).
Figure 1 – A comedic introduction to the website.
Throughout my high school life, Tumblr very quickly became popular among females around 2011 (my sophomore year), or at least this was when I first noticed its ubiquity. I myself had already created one because of my sister’s influence the year prior, but rarely used it until this time. As the feminist movement and LGBTQ life spread to the site, I started hearing the circulation of terms such as ‘Tumblr feminism(ist)’ and ‘SJW(Social Justice Warrior)’ being used in ways to deride the overt beliefs of avid Tumblr users. I’ve realized that these groups have retreated to this social media website in particular because of the safety and security it harbors from the prevailing society around them, which many of this type deem to be a ‘patriarchy’. I don’t necessarily think this is true (though I do think males have clearly had the upper hand in society for far too long), and it seems more likely that many Tumblr users resort to generalizing men in society as being misogynistic and patriarchal because these incredibly broad terms provide a simple way to paint a group as the enemy. I think there is clearly truth in the assertion, but it’s much easier to point at the world around you and claim it to be the source of your problems and insecurities than it is to take responsibility for those issues yourself.
In the Tumblr domain, “queer trans tumblrs have facilitated collective departures from cis and trans norms in ways that illuminate the range of possibilities online” (Fink and Miller 621). What these authors meant was that Tumblr provided a place for people to incorporate sexuality, and very individual interpretations of gender, into normal daily life and interests and simultaneously “in the intertextual spaces carved out by the links between tumblrs, genderqueer and queer trans self-representations integrate seamlessly with lesbian, gay, bi, pan, poly, and asexual culture” (Fink and Miller 621). This goes hand in hand with the concept of ‘NSFW’ or ‘Not Safe For Work’, which categorizes mostly sexually explicit content that could be littered within other random images and content. Considering the lack of corporate intrusion upon Tumblr users and the design aesthetic of the site, which promotes intimate yet momentary posting of ones thoughts, ideas, or interests, it only makes sense that this specific community has been built in this specific habitat. They now have a home for content that outsiders (who would otherwise outcast them as sexual miscreants) can no longer find unless they truly want to understand the LGBTQ community and become a helpful part in it.
Another important factor in the construction of a home for trans and gender queers within Tumblr had to do specifically with how the website itself was built and the way people view other people and make a name for themselves. I know from experience with the site that it’s difficult to make an impression unless you really devote time to getting involved in your interest areas (or what you make them seem to be). You cannot become an essential cog in the machine of a Tumblr community by simply reblogging and liking random posts. To delve into gender related groups, or anything for that matter, you must normally post authentic content, which can range from picture sets to videos to (often) short text posts. Depending on who likes or reblogs your post, and what they like and post, and what their followers like and post, it’s a long and intricate map of tangential connections based solely on interest and paying attention to who’s who. As said by Fink and Miller, “these elements make tumblr’s taste-based subcultures different from the profiles on a site like Facebook in that, to thrive within Tumblr’s format, you need to labor and gain credibility according to particularly intense systems of distinction” (615). I believe the secret to Tumblr’s intimacy lies in this delicate mapping of individuals who are hopefully accepting and in similar situations to you. By looking through another blog, you’ll sometimes find deep, insightful knowledge, heartbreaking tales of struggle, or perhaps hilarious internet memes. Whatever it is, there’s often a close bond that forms just by looking through someone’s posts, which happens to be something that’s much harder to find on sites such as Facebook and Twitter. The next step comes with the Ask function, which works on the surface as a private messaging system, yet can be sent anonymously and in order to respond, the blog owner must either choose to ignore it or post a response publicly, and with that the deep web of connections is fertilized even further.
Figure 2 – A commericial blog run by Denny’s and promoting it’s own content
As an essential aspect of the information era, social media and social networking have been labeled by some as “the most revolutionary technological [developments] since the invention of the printing press” (Blakely 343). As of right now, Tumblr is at the forefront of the social networking scene, along with Facebook and Twitter, being one of the most popular blogging platforms. Robert Scheer states it quite clearly and concisely when he says that the appeal of Tumblr comes from the fact that it is “a six year-old social blogging service that has yet to earn much money because it has shunned advertising, thereby gaining the trust of its users, who willingly share massive amounts of private data”. Although it’s hard to believe that Tumblr strayed away from all forms of advertising, this was true in reference to the design and aesthetics of the actual site. It’s almost never cluttered on the sides except for the main dashboard, which constantly refreshes with posts from blogs that you follow. In my usage of the site, I rarely discovered any ad material except from commercial blogs, but sometimes I will also find content which I doubt is real. “This sneaky fake user-generated content proliferates on other corporate owned sites like Facebook, and issues of where content comes from and in whose interests content grows now comes further to the fore” (Fink and Miller 613). Even so, my generation has been bred to look past this and look past the entirety of demographical data collection as we are so intimately comfortable with the internet and general sharing of what was once private information. We have grown idle and instead of making something like encryption required learning for all, we “readily allow others to trace [our] movements, purchases, reading and viewing practices, as well as contacts with friends and associates” (Scheer). Corporations and web companies like Yahoo! will easily take advantage of this, and as it’s been shown before, “data is at the heart of Yahoo!’s ability to sell online advertising across its sites, based on what it knows about its people’s interests,” (Scheer). Though this sense of false security is the catalyst for Tumblr’s success with groups of individuals who have never had the notion of a collective before they created their tumblr blog, it could also be frighteningly detrimental when keeping in mind what Yahoo!’s been known to do in order for commercial success.
Tumblr as a social media and blogging device provides the perfect combination of privacy for intimate thought and information with interpersonal connection and it is this dynamic duo that so healthily fostered the growth of not only an LGBTQ community in recent years, but specifically the growth of a trans and gender queer population that is no longer afraid to be open about their unique sexualities. Throughout my research, I have discovered the key to this as being the development of the site with the lack of corporate ads, but unfortunately that may not be the case anymore as Yahoo! has taken over in the past year. It was apparent to me the last time I logged on to my Tumblr that not too much had changed, but of course there was no way for me to tell for sure if data harvesting and collection had become more prominent there (as there has been no significant evidence released to point to this fact). No matter what the case, I’ve decided the only information I want to leak about myself will be from messages, and now I rarely post openly on social media sites. I appreciate Tumblr for what it is, but it’s no longer for me and I think it’s time more people stop asking “well why is it a problem if corporations know everything about me as long as I’ve done nothing wrong?” and begin to be more vigilant about protecting their personal freedoms, because there’s no telling what a business or government agency will do with your information.
I began this assignment in, of course, the wrong section of the library, and eventually made my way to the 18th-19th century English Literature area. At first I found loads of religious texts on the 4th floor, many in different languages (I think I saw Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and Arabic), and finally I came about some Christian texts. They were all very large, ungainly, quite decrepit, and didn’t seem to have any annotations within them. I first came across a collection of gargantuans known as The Christian Intelligencer, which seemed to talk all about what good Christians were up to in the early early 1900s, but didn’t find anything of importance written inside.
Right after, I found a living relic known as the Calendar of Wills. Considering the fact that there was no publishing or printing date in it, and the only dates being “A.D. 1258 – A.D. 1358” (which is clearly the recorded period discussed in the book, not the printing date).
At this point I realized this probably wasn’t the literature I should of been looking at, and I found out that the 8th floor stored a great deal of old English Literature. In this section I uncovered multiple texts including a collection of works by William Thackeray published from 1910 to the mid 1920s, and a book of poems by William Watson.
Though it took some endurance and extensive searching, it was an interesting experience finding all these ‘ancient’ books in the library. I feel it’s necessary to preserve at least one copy of every book if we are to thoroughly record our human history.
Throughout Kelly’s What Technology Wants, he takes the reader on a roundabout journey through the human past and attempts to explain the similarities between the developement of organic life and the simultaneuous creation of technologies that eventually gathered into the collective he names the technium. For me, the parrallels Kelly drew between the evolution of the human race and technology were the most interesting part of the book so far and appeared mostly within the Origins section. I found the weakest piece of the work wasn’t a specific point exactly, but rather that Kelly would spend almost too much time going through the historical narrative of things in our world without establishing the links to his main points about the technium until the very end, and in doing so making some of the factual information unnecessary and inconvenient.
Kelly made multiple interesting distinctions about the evolution of humans, but the most enlightening in my opinion was that about the domestication of the world. He argues that “technology has domesticated us. As fast as we remake our tools, we remake ourselves… We have rapidly and significantly altered ourselves and at the same time altered the world” (Kelly 37). I’d personally never explicitly thought of technology in this way, and it was beautiful to imagine that just as humans had the ability to change the environment through craft, craft has had the same ability to change us all along and it truly shows. My question thus becomes: if technology truly wants and seeks something just as humans do, and has been shown to change us over time, will these desires ever outrule our own and in what ways do they already overtake us?
In most cases, Kelly backed up his points with examples and detailed historical accounts, but it seemed to me that at times there was a disconnect between his evidence and statements (which I felt would become a bit tangential). Though this was mainly a problem in Origins with the broad summations of the Earth’s past. I also thought it odd that religion was completely left out of the scope of ‘technology’ when literally everything else humans have created was included in the technium. Although I’m not at all religious, faith and the belief in a higher power has been around in civilization for quite a long time and I feel it would make sense to include this in the technium. I find it interesting too that the way Kelly describes the technium as an entity constantly evolving alongside the human race resembles E.M. Forster’s The Machine very closely. Was it wise for Kelly to argue using only empirical and scientific historical facts, along with including all sorts of cultural phenomena in the technium, yet avoid the discussion of religion?
New media can be defined in a multitude of ways, but for the purposes of this assignment I will stick to the general definition of the means through which information (most often digital) is communicated within society. Manovich seems convicted in the idea that with the current state of new media, it is all either derived or stored within a computer or digital device and that physical texts have lost weight in the category of new media (though he doesn’t exactly feel comfortable with this fact). I believe that a lot of the modern developments with new media are shifting the definition more and more towards information that is also uniquely interactive, like any computer program or videogame. In Parikka’s article, he also mentions the trend in which media has grown increasingly immaterial, with most information being stored in a digital stratosphere that’s difficult for humans to imagine without the always evolving visual culture of screens and graphic design that Manovich discusses. In all, the topic of media and new media mainly surrounds the constant technological advancement that allows humans to share and communicate hordes of information more conveniently. Whatever is most convenient, simple, and interactive, while also remaining detailed and informative will continue to be at the forefront of the new media scene.
Manovich, Lev. The Language of New Media. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2001. Print.
Parikka, Jussi. “The Geology of Media.” The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 11 Oct. 2013. Web. 23 Sept. 2014.
NYU Gallatin First-Year Writing Seminar, Fall 2014
