Transparent Soils Wiki

NSF

 

Results of Prior NSF Support

Iskander (6/1998-12/2003) CAREER: Modeling 3D Flow and Soil Structure Interaction using Optical Tomography, Grant No: CMS 9733064, $320,000

Two families of transparent materials suitable for representing the macroscopic geotechnical properties of sand and clay were identified and characterized. All materials have the same refractive index, so they can be used in one stratified soil model. An experimental technique was developed for measuring deformations in transparent soil models, non-intrusively. Models are sliced optically using laser light sheets. Digital image correlation is used to compare images of the slices to obtain the 2D relative deformation fields. Two Ph.D. graduates were supported 1. Two REU students and 3 high school students were also involved. The work resulted in publication of one book [1], 9 journal articles [2–10], 2 dissertations [11, 12], and 8 conference papers [13–20]. Transparent soils are now steadily being recognized as a superior alternative for studying internal soil behavior in many problems. Since their introduction transparent soils have been utilized by over 30 international researchers (See publications and applications by others in this web site).

The industrial match supplement of this grant was used to instrument a distressed structure. Data from 34 sensors was collected for 4.5 years. The effect of structural restraint on the expansion coefficient of rigidly framed structures was identified. The magnitude of earth pressure acting on rigidly framed earth-retaining structures was related to the temperature of the structure. One Ph.D. graduate and one REU student were supported. Two GK-12 fellows were involved. The work resulted in publication of 5 journal articles [21–25], one dissertation [26], and 3 conference papers [27–29].

1  Polytechnic provided matching funds to this grant.

 

Cited References

  1. Iskander, M. (2010). Modeling with Transparent Soils, Visualizing Soil Structure Interaction and Multi Phase Flow, Non Intrusively, ISBN: 978-3642025006 (Hard Bound), e-ISBN 978-3-642-02501-3 (e-book), Springer-Verlag, 331 p.
  2. Iskander, M., Sadek, S. and Liu, J. (2002). “Optical Measurement of Deformation Using Transparent Silica Gel to Model Sand,” International Journal of Physical Modeling in Geotechnics, Vol. 2, No. 4, 27-40.
  3. Sadek, S., Iskander, M. and Liu, J. (2002). “Geotechnical Properties of Transparent Silica,” Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 39, No. 1, 111–124.
  4. Iskander, M., Liu, J. and Sadek, S. (2002). “Transparent Amorphous Silica to Model Clay,” ASCE Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Journal, Vol. 128, No. 3, 262–273.
  5. Liu, J., Iskander, M. and Sadek, S. (2003). “Consolidation and Permeability of Transparent Amorphous Silica,” ASTM Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 26, No. 4, 390–401.
  6. Sadek, S., Iskander, M. and Liu, J. (2003). “Accuracy of Digital Image Correlation for Measuring Deformations in Transparent Media,” ASCE Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, Vol. 17, No. 2, 88–96.
  7. Liu, J. and Iskander, M. (2004). “Adaptive Cross Correlation for Imaging Displacements in Soils,” ASCE Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 1, 46–57.
  8. Sadek, S., Iskander, M. and Liu, J. (2005). “Closure to Accuracy of Digital Image Correlation for Measuring Deformation in Transparent Media” ASCE Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering 19, No. 2, 219-222.
  9. Iskander, M. and Liu, J. (2010). “Spatial Deformation Measurement Using Transparent Soil” ASTM Geotechnical Testing Journal, 33, No. 4, doi: 10.1520/GTJ102745.
  10. Liu, J. and Iskander, M. (2010). “Laboratory Investigation of the Modeling Capacity of Synthetic Transparent Soils” Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 47, No. 4, 451-460, doi: 10.1139/T09-116.
  11. Sadek, S. (2002). “Soil Structure Interaction in Transparent Synthetic Soils Using Digital Image Correlation,D. Dissertation, Polytechnic University, New York.
  12. Liu, J. (2003). “Visualization of 3-D Deformations Using Transparent “Soil” Models,” D. Dissertation, Polytechnic University, New York.
  13. Iskander, M. (1997). “A Transparent Material to Model the Geotechnical Properties of Soils,” Proceedings, XIV International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Hamburg, Germany, Balkema, 315-319.
  14. Iskander, M. (1998). “Transparent Soils to Image 3D Flow & Deformation,” Imaging Technologies: Techniques & Applications in Civil Engineering, ed. Frost & McNeil, 255–264, ASCE.
  15. Liu, J., Iskander, M. and Sadek, S. (2002). “Optical Measurement of Deformation Under Foundations Using Transparent Soil Models,” Proceedings, International Conference on Physical Modeling in Geotechnics, St John’s Newfoundland, Canada, 155-159, July 10–12, Balkema.
  16. Iskander, M., Sadek, S. and Liu, J. (2002). “Displacement Field Measurement in Transparent Soils,” Proceedings, ASCE Engineering Mechanics Congress, June 2002, New York.
  17. Iskander, M., Liu, J. and Sadek, S. (2003). “Modeling with Transparent Soils,” Proceedings, Soil Rock America 2003, XII Panamerican Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, USA, ed. P. Cullen et al., Vol. 1, 1179–1185, Verlag Glückerei GmbH, Essen (Germany), ISBN 9783773959850.
  18. Iskander, M., Sadek, S. and Liu, J. (2003). “Soil Structure Interaction in Transparent Synthetic Soils Using Digital Image Correlation,” Proceedings, Transportation Research Board Meeting, Jan. 2003, CD, National Academy Press.
  19. Liu, J., Iskander, M., Tabe, K. and Kostarelos, K. (2005). “Flow Visualization using Transparent Synthetic Soils,” Proceedings XVI ICSMGE, Osaka, Japan, Vol. 3b, 2411-2414, Millpress Science, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
  20. Liu, J. and Iskander, M. (2009). “Speckle Photography for Measuring 3D Deformation Inside A Transparent Soil Model,” Proceedings, XVII ICSMGE, Alexandria, Egypt, 498-501, Millpress Science, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
  21. Aboumoussa, W. and Iskander, M. (2003). “Thermal Movements in Concrete: Case Study of Multistory Underground Car Park,” ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 15, No. 6, 545–553.
  22. Iskander, M., Aboumoussa, W. and Gouvin, P. (2001). “Instrumentation & Monitoring of a Multi-Story Underground Parking Garage,” ASCE Journal of Constructed Facilities, Vol. 15, No. 3, 115–123.
  23. Iskander, M., Dimond, A., Aboumoussa, W. and Masood, F. (2012). “Approximate Deflection of Rigidly Framed Earth Retaining Structures Due to an Unknown Earth Pressure Distribution,” International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, Wiley, Vol. 36, pp. 517–532, DOI: 10.1002/nag.1025.
  24. Iskander, M., Masood, F., Parikh, S., Dimond, A. and Aboumoussa, W. (2012). “Closed-Form Expressions for Lateral Deflection of Low-Rise Rigidly-Framed Concrete Structures,” Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 39, No. 1, 20-33, DOI: 10.1139/l11-104.
  25. Iskander, M., Parikh, S. and Aboumoussa, W. (2012). “Apparent Thermal Coefficient of Expansion of A Concrete Building, with Restraint,” ACI J. of Materials, 109, No. 1, 63–70 (Title No. 109-M07).