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#6-Stages of Experiments

  • Find References

Find interesting sustainable solutions that inspire you to experiment. Start a Tumblr or Pinterest account to keep them all in one place, post the link to it in your journal. Select the three most relevant and describe what’s interesting for you in this project. At least one of these three should be related to plastic recycling or alternatives to plastic. Evaluate each of them from the point of view of sustainability. Use what you have learned from the readings to support your evaluation. Reference accordingly.

Reference1: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/174936766764674123/?nic_v2=1a6OxHh2R

Recycled HDPE Mallet

This design is simply recycling the HDPE materials into a new shape, which can be used as a mallet. We can easily find out from the video that the HDPE materials will be polished a lot in order to meet the requirement of a cylinder. In this process, actually, a lot of little pieces of HDPE will be wasted, and they can hardly be made into new objects. Also, I really doubt if the HDPE mallet can be used to pound on some food ingredients. Therefore, although this mallet can be used for a long time, I do not think it is sustainable enough.

Reference2:

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/50806302034005078/?nic_v2=1a6OxHh2R

Blooming Jewels-Recycled Bottles into Amazing Jewelry

This design is quite simple and does not even need to heat up the plastic bottles. The designer just simply cut the plastic bottles into small circle pieces and string all of them together to create beautiful jewelry. I think this jewelry can be used for a long time, even if the users do not want them anymore, we can still simply recycle them into other new pieces of art or products. Therefore, from my perspective, this design has a relatively high sustainable level.

Reference3:

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/12877548922076772/?nic_v2=1a6OxHh2R

Upcycle: When sawdust meets plastic bags…

In this series of designs, I saw some familiar products, such as the chair, however, there is also something new to me, the lamp. The lamp is in beautiful shape together with fancy colors. I think this is not only easy to produce but also really useful and can last long. Pretty high level of sustainability.

  • Learn from China

As part of your research for your final project, find local craft techniques, and find local materials that Chinese people have been using. You can also add them to your Pinterest or Tumblr account. Select the three most interesting and describe its potential. Is there any technique we can replicate using plastic? Do you think we can replicate those materials using plastic?

Idea1:

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/202802789454754390/?nic_v2=1a6OxHh2R

Paper Lanterns-Recycled Plastic Lanterns

Paper lanterns are a very unique and traditional craft in China, I think it may be possible for us to use recycled plastic bags as the materials of this special craft.

Idea2:

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/482237072597429025/?nic_v2=1a6OxHh2R

Folded Secrets-Thread Books

This is a simple technique to fold things into a book. This design is originated from the Miao people in China, and it is quite simple that almost all people can learn and do this on their own. Also, the thread has its tenacity, which may be regarded as one similar property that plastics may have. Therefore, it is possible and approachable for us to recycle the plastic and fold them into thread books, hopefully, we can replicate it and spread it to the world.

Idea3:

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/95842298296426721/?nic_v2=1a6OxHh2R

Chinese New Year Art

This is one of the Chinese traditional fans. I think it may be hard for us to make the recycled plastic really elastic and capable of being folded. Therefore, fans like this may hard to realize, however, we can do the round fan, which is also a kind of traditional Chinese New Year art.

  • Observe

Create a list of trash that you can collect from the AB, the dorms, or your house. Considering your previous proposals, specify the type of trash you will be using and describe how you will turn it into new material.

  1. Plastic bottles (Juices/Coke/Mineral Water/Bubble Tea)
  2. Plastic bags (Bubble Tea/Delivery/Food Delivery)
  3. Plastic tableware (Food Delivery)
  4. Food Container (Food Delivery/Bubble Tea)
  5. Straws (Bubble Tea/Coke)
  6. Tissues (Cafeteria/Café)
  7. Boxes (Packages/Delivery)
  • Experiment

In the process.

  • Meeting with Community Partner

In the process.

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Recitation 4: Drawing Machines by Tina(Tianyu Zhang)

Please answer each of these questions. Add your answers to your blog post, along with the other documentation for the circuits that you built in class.

Question 1: What kind of machines would you be interested in building? Add a reflection about the use of actuators, the digital manipulation of art, and the creative process to your blog post.

Question 2: Choose an art installation mentioned in the reading ART + Science NOW, Stephen Wilson (Kinetics chapter). Post your thoughts about it and make a comparison with the work you did during this recitation. How do you think that the artist selected those specific actuators for his project?

Answer 1: Speaking of what kind of machine I would feel interested in building, the first type of machine that comes up in my mind is the ones that can help the disabled’s life easier or to help them do something that they are not capable of doing by themselves. About how to achieve or actually build one machine for those purposes, I think I am going to use a lot of sensors. For instance, to help the blind sense whether there is any obstacle in their way, we need a lot of distance sensors to detect the objects around the user accurately and comprehensively. Also, we are going to need some sound output devices so that we can give the user feedbacks about our detected outcomes. Although this may not be a piece of art, we can actually use this experience to make the user draw a painting which is generated from their footsteps. By adding some pressure sensor on a certain area of ground, we can sense where the user goes, and based on that information, maybe together with how much pressure the user use to step on each piece of brick, we can create a colorful drawing whose color depends on the pressure level. In the process, I want to add a lot of creative and extraordinary experiences for the users, besides the basic function of detecting whether there is any obstacle in front of or around the blind users.

Answer 2: In the reading, there are a lot of interesting interactive projects that were done by good designers. Among all of those, I find out that the one titled Centripetal Sound Machines, created by designer Matt Heckert, intrigues me the most. First of all, I really like his key concept of making people feel like stand inside many machines. Besides, he is not simply displaying the machines from manufacturing industries, instead, he is using simple chairs with pipe strikes to create the sound similar to that produced by the manufacturing factories, which fascinates me a lot. Compared with the drawing machine I have done with my partner on the recitation, I think there are a lot of differences as well as commonalities. The first major difference is that we are creating a painting as our final outcome while he is producing sounds. Another important thing is that our drawing machine need to be controlled and operated by the users which can be regarded as a long-term active interaction. However, in this project, the art installation itself is able to create the whole soundscape, and all the users need to do is to experience by listening. As for similarities, I think both projects are producing simple things in a much more creative way with a new perspective. Last but not least, I think the reason why the author selects those specific actuators is that he wants to create sounds that are similar to manufacturing machines. Therefore, metal chairs and pipe strikes are ideal. In addition, pipe strikes are actually parts of the manufacturing machines, so they can represent for it.

Media Documentation: 

Code for my drawing machine: 

/*
 * MotorKnob
 *
 * A stepper motor follows the turns of a potentiometer
 * (or other sensor) on analog input 0.
 *
 * http://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/Stepper
 * This example code is in the public domain.
 */

#include <Stepper.h>

// change this to the number of steps on your motor
#define STEPS 100

// create an instance of the stepper class, specifying
// the number of steps of the motor and the pins it's
// attached to
Stepper stepper(STEPS, 8, 9, 10, 11);

// the previous reading from the analog input
int previous = 0;

void setup() {
  // set the speed of the motor to 30 RPMs
  stepper.setSpeed(30);
}

void loop() {
  // get the sensor value
  int val = analogRead(0);
  val = map(val, 0, 1023, 0, 200);
  // move a number of steps equal to the change in the
  // sensor reading
  stepper.step(val - previous);

  // remember the previous value of the sensor
  previous = val;
}

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#5-Research Project Journal

PROJECT TITLE: Antithesis

PROJECT STATEMENT:                                                   

Remnants of Human Products

¡The artists want to recreate some ordinary but largely unnoticed objects from the past on earth. The artwork consists of two sides, one primarily through card boxes and packaging bags, and the other focuses on food waste. The two types of garbage are all byproducts of the fast-growing industry, but they speak for different points in the development.

On one side, the convenience provided by the delivery system comes with a bunch of waste. In a Fast company article published in 2018, “Amazon shipped more than 5 billion items worldwide last year through Prime alone.” From just one online retailer, we see the creation of countless packaging, including boxes and plastic buffers, and bags. It is doubtful if many or even a few of the packaging endure weeks after delivery. Also, the massive usage of the package causes damage to environmental resources like trees. The company article further expresses: “LimeLoop used data from USPS, FedEx, and UPS to estimate that around 165 billion packages are shipped in the U.S. each year, and then roughly calculated that the cardboard used would equate to more than 1 billion trees (this calculation didn’t account for the fact that some packaging is not made from paper or cardboard, but it gives a sense of scale). As online shopping continues to grow, so will the impact.” We were faced with this apparent overuse of trees and natural resources like fossil fuels, but we decided to ignore such warnings.

On the other side, we are engaged in the culinary world of the past. The immerse food waste experience shows the awful ramification of our wrongful behavior from the past. According to Future Direction, “Globally one-third of the food produced for human consumption – approximately 1.3 billion tons – is lost or wasted each year. Food loss and waste occur at various stages of the food supply chain, from harvest to the final stage of household consumption.” In all process of food, most food is wasted at the consumer stage.” outside of Chinese homes. Restaurants account for most food waste, with 19 percent of food waste attributed to these establishments and about five to seven percent of food wasted in homes or canteens.” The increasing food choice and the restaurant and shop’s marketing could be made our ancestors think that we did not need to worry about food supply anymore. But it is not. We now only have the options of Food tubes, tubes of energy intakes. The idea of culinary has become a part of history.

Of course, not all the “waste” from the past are “approachable.” The antithesis between the food and the packaging shows such contrast in different waste types in the past. The nature of development is a double-sword: convenience and waste of resources. Using these daily objects from life on earth, we want to illustrate a relatively realistic picture of the other world and the problems we once faced. Both the escalation of boxes and packaging in the front and the hanging food waste bag and videos in the back demonstrate such increasing warning levels in our past, and we decided not to solve it. We want to encourage people on this new planet to save a little bit more than they feel like. We can do better, whatever the format is.” On this new planet, we cannot go on this path again.

RESEARCH (Sproutworks)

Art Installation: 

Problems Identified:

1. Tissue Usage

According to words from the staff working at Sproutworks:

Six boxes of tissues are needed per week on average. One box has 20 rolls or bags of tissues. Therefore, more than 120 rolls are used per week.

We observed that many students will take several tissues that exceed the number that they needed. Part of the reason is that it is hard to draw exactly one piece of tissue, especially when you are in a hurry, it is much likely that you will draw out more than you need. After using a piece of tissue, they found out that there are still some clean tissues, there will be three different kinds of solution. Some put them into their pocket, which we can assume that they are going to use these tissues later on. Others simply leave them on the table, but in most cases, the future users of that table will not tend to use them. And the third way, which is also the most popular way, is to rub the clean ones together with the dirty ones and throw them into the rubbish bin. This really brings about a lot of tissue waste. To talk about this issue in a much broader and macro way, this can be regarded as a waste of natural resources, which causes many future problems. For example, deforestation.

2. Cup Problem

According to words from the staff working at Sproutworks:

Sproutworks loses about 1000 cups every two months.

From last year, when the metal cups were first introduced and used by the Sproutworks in the NYU Shanghai community, half of the cups have been lost till now. Not only do students take them back home, but, what shocked us the most, some of the students even threw those metal cups into the garbage bin. It is hard to figure out the true reason behind their behavior. It could be that they did not know that those metal cups could be recycled. It could be that they did not notice that it was their responsibility to return those metal cups back to certain places.

3. Staff Scheduling

According to words from the staff working at Sproutworks:

The staff works from early morning to around 8 pm with a few hours of rest in the afternoon.

The staff working in the Sproutworks have to finish all the three shifts per day. Approximately, there are over 1,800 students eating in the cafeteria, therefore, during their working hours, they are quite busy, which we can easily imagine. Also, the nominated one-and-a-half working hours are far less than their working hours in reality. Beyond our expectations, their most important and time-consuming tasks are actually the food preparation before the canteen hours and the cleaning- up after people finish their meals. Therefore, between every two working shifts, they actually only have less than 1 hour to take a rest. To be worse, they do not even have a relaxation place, and the only possible small place for them to rest is the hard and cold meeting room next to the cafeteria.

 

CONCLUSIONS (Possible Solutions):

1. A machine to restrict the number of tissues taken at a time. / A tissue holder that has a narrower opening./ …

2. QR code on cups to prevent loss/ misplacing./ Usage of different cups, porcelain cups, or heavier cups (such as cups in IKEA cafe? )/ …

3. Create an app to increase the efficiency of meal preparation and cleanup.

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#4-Lab Reports-Making Bioplastic

  • Lab Report 1#
  • Title: Making Bioplastic from Potato Starch
  • Participants: Tina, Luna, Thomas
  • Date: Oct. 7th, 2020
  • Introduction and Purpose: This is a recipe offered by Professor Marcela, and it has been tested a lot of times. Therefore, our main purpose to follow this recipe and do the experiment is mainly to make us more familiar with the bio-plastic materials and set the base for our own design.
  • Ingredients: 100ml water, 10ml Vinegar, 10g Glycerol, 15g corn starch
  • Method: First of all, we use the electronic scale to weigh the Glycerol and corn starch one by one. Then, we first mix the corn starch with the 100ml water slowly. After that, we add the Vinegar slowly to the mixture. Later on, we put the mixture in the pot which has been already heated up to about 200 degrees Celsius, and started to add Glycerol which will soon make the mixture sticky. However, we did not really master the approach to maintain the pot at the same heat level, so in the process, the heat went up very quickly. Therefore, we tried to repeatedly turn the heat on and off a few times while stirring our ingredients into a fully sticky mixture.
  • Results: By putting the ingredients in the right proportion, we are able to produce bioplastic materials by ourselves.
  • Discussion or Analysis: During the experiment, I found out that strictly following the recipe was quite hard. Some of the causes stem from our unfamiliarity with the experimental equipment and the equipment’s not-sophisticated-enough calculations. Therefore, I am thinking that to produce bioplastic with better qualities, we may need to do more preparations before we really get down to it.
  • Conclusions: Generally speaking, everyone is capable of making bioplastic materials by themselves as long as they know some recipes and have the ingredients and measuring tools with them.
  • Figures, photos, and Graphs: See Below
  • References: Recipes given by Professor Marcela

  • Lab Report 2#
  • Title: Making Bioplastic from Chitosan
  • Participants: Tina, Luna, Thomas
  • Date: Oct. 7th, 2020
  • Introduction and Purpose: This is a recipe offered by Professor Marcela, and it has been tested a lot of times. Therefore, our main purpose to follow this recipe and do the experiment is mainly to make us more familiar with the bio-plastic materials and set the base for our own design.
  • Ingredients: 20ml water, 5ml Vinegar, 10ml Gelatin, 10g Chitosan
  • Method: First of all, we use the electronic scale to weigh the Chitosan. Then, we first mix the corn starch with the 20ml water slowly. After that, we add the Vinegar slowly to the mixture. Later on, we put the mixture in the pot which has been already heated up to about 80 degrees Celsius. Then, instead of adding Gelatin as the recipe said, we chose to use its substitute, Glycerol, since we did not find the Gelatin. However, it was hard for us to accurately calculate the amount of Glycerol that we need without knowing the density of Glycerol and Gelatin. Therefore, we had no choice but to estimate that we need 10g Glycerol. Later on, we got down to stir the Glycerol together with the previous-made mixture in the heated pot.
  • Results: By putting the ingredients in the right proportion, we are able to produce bioplastic materials by ourselves.
  • Discussion or Analysis: During the experiment, I found out that the recipe for making bioplastic was quite flexible. However, producing bioplastic materials on an industrial scale does need a fully experimented recipe and strictly following the recipe step by step. Also, for the chitosan, there is already a lot of researches writing about it. According to one of the researches, chitosan is an ideal material for making plastic that contains food.
  • Conclusions: Generally speaking, everyone is capable of making bioplastic materials by themselves as long as they know some recipes and have the ingredients and measuring tools with them.
  • Figures, photos, and Graphs: See Below
  • References: Recipes given by Professor Marcela; “壳聚糖：比塑料更环保的食品包装材料.” Cell杂志, cell.bio1000.com/cell-reports/202009/0267507.html.

 

  • Lab Report 3#
  • Title: Making Bioplastic with Coco-powder
  • Participants: Tina, Luna, Thomas
  • Date: Oct. 7th, 2020
  • Introduction and Purpose: After finishing two experiments based on the recipes given by Professor Marcela, we are finally able to design our own recipe and do the experiment with several potential bioplastic materials.
  • Ingredients: 200ml water, 10ml Vinegar, 20g Glycerol, 15g Coco-powder
  • Method: First of all, we use the electronic scale to weigh the Glycerol and the coco-powder. Then, we mix the coco-powder with the 200ml water slowly, as we have done in the previous two experiments. After that, we add the Vinegar slowly to the mixture. Later on, we put the mixture in the pot which has been already heated up to about 100 degrees Celsius. However, we found out that we had added too much water, therefore, we tried to lift the heat level up a quite bit to nearly 180 degree Celsius in order to evaporate some of the water. Then, we started to add Glycerol while stirring all the materials together. However, maybe because of the excessive amount of water poured in, the Glycerol did not show that great impact in making the mixture sticky than before. Therefore, we started to add more Glycerol. In the process, Professor Marcela also gave us the suggestion that we should find a thicker container to pour our mixture in so that the bioplastic material we created would not be too thin after the water evaporated. And we follow her instruction.
  • Results: Since it requires quite a long time for our material to dry and shape, we did not have the chance to see how it looks like in the end, but we know the fact that designing a recipe for making bioplastic is never an easy task. Instead, we need to acquire more knowledge about the specific material that we are going to use as well as do the experiments again and again to reach the best proportion and recipe.
  • Discussion or Analysis: During this first try at designing a recipe and creating a new bioplastic material, I found the process quite interesting. Also, I observed that in the process of making bioplastic, glycerol plays a really important and irreplaceable role.
  • Conclusions: Generally speaking, everyone is capable of making bioplastic materials by themselves, but in order to make bioplastic with enough good quality that can make clothes or packing boxes, there is still a long way to go, and much more researches and experiments are needed.
  • Figures, photos, and Graphs: See Below
  • References: Recipes given by Professor Marcela.

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Group Project Documentation by Tina(Tianyu Zhang)

My Group Project

Among the three assigned fiction stories, Folding Beijing, Newton’s Sleep, and The Lifecycle of Software Objects, our group decided to derive our idea from Folding Beijing. One of the important reasons that induced us to make this decision was that we were all touched by the cruel and cold-blood hierarchy as well as the indifferent humanities revealed in the fiction stories. Besides simply creating certain interactive objects to look ahead to the future technology development, we also placed a hope that this interactive object we made could arouse people’s awareness of social class discrimination existing now and then.

When brainstorming what kind of interactive object that we could make, we discussed a lot. Some of us proposed to make a small model of the whole folding Beijing in which we could show people our illustration on how the system wrote in the book might be achieved, based on what the book described. But we felt that it was too hard for us to display the idea with simple objects without any support from electronic devices. Although it may be possible, still, it will be hard for us to act in a way that everyone can understand. More importantly, this does not best fit our initials which is to raise people’s awareness of social class discrimination. After a really long time of silence, we finally came up with an idea, making an interspace elevator, based on one of our teammates’ idea in his blogpost.

To display our concept, we use the laser cutter to make a flat circle that represents the three spaces. And we use one horizontal plane to indicate the alternation among different spaces as time moves on. Also, we use part of the water bottle to create a tube where the elevator can move inside it. It is a simple prototype for our idea, although it may not be complete and work really well, but we fully display our idea and concept through our presentation.

To make the elevator more interactive, only giving it the property to send people to cross spaces is far from enough. Therefore, after a few discussions, we finally decided to make our elevator able to scan its potential passengers, speak out the identity, and detect their purposes of going to other spaces. Also, to fulfill our initials of arousing people’s attention to social class discrimination, we tailored one story for our group project, which contains two groups of main characters. Two characters are from the first space, one is a professor, the other is her secretary. They are going to the third space to do the required research about garbage classification. The professor can get a direct promotion as long as she goes to the third space, therefore, she is not really taking the research seriously, while the secretary who was born in the second space and is currently doing an intern in the first space keeps reminding the professor of her duty and even directly contradicted the professor. Here in our story, the professor is one representative of authorities who rarely pay efforts but own great power. They do things in a sense of formalism. As for the secretary, she is a typical, or to say, an ideal representative of people who live in the first space but still try to be true to themselves and never forget about her original intention. We put an end that the elevator is monitoring all peoples’ daily behaviors. Therefore, in the end, the elevator did not allow the professor to go back to the first space since she had not done anything about the research, while the secretary who kept reminding the professor of taking this research seriously was easily permitted to get into the elevator.

The other two characters are from the third space in which no one is permitted to take the elevator to get in upper spaces. They are mother and daughter, both of whom are trash-classifiers working in the third space. The daughter was really curious about how the first and the second space look like, and her mother told her that she could not get in those two spaces. However, accidentally, the daughter found the ID card that the professor (in the previous story) lost on the ground. So, she tried to cheat the elevator so as to go to the first space. Nevertheless, the elevator is clever enough to find that out. But we wanted to embed more humanities to the elevator. Therefore, we let the elevator find an excuse to persuade the little girl from taking the elevator, instead of simply rejecting her and exposing her lies.

Generally speaking, I think our group project is quite a success, not only in our design ideas but also in our story-writing and performance. Speaking of some drawbacks, first of all, I think that we may be able to make an exact three-space world if we have enough time. Second, I think we may need more time to polish our story and make it more fluent and aligned with the original settings described in Folding Beijing. Last but not least, I think that we can do more researches and propose our more detailed hypothesis of how our invention might be realized.

 

Another Group’s Project

I would like to write about the group whose project’s title is “Folding City”. I choose this group mainly for two reasons. One is that their invention was also derived from the fiction story, Folding Beijing, just like us. The other reason is that the performance’s format left me a deep impression. Unlike all the other groups, they used pantomime to perform their design. This really fascinated me. However, there are also some drawbacks that I identified in their group project. One is that their idea was almost completely displayed through their performance. And the small object they made had accounted for a really small part, and it was hard to tell what role that object was playing in their design. The other is that their concept of having a folding city was quite intriguing but the logic of how it really worked was not fully illustrated and clearly stated. But, since their basic idea is great, I think they can produce much better work and a fancy project if they have more time.

Photo Documentation: 

Rehearsal Video:

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Recitation 3: Sensors by Tina (Tianyu Zhang)

Documentation

In your documentation post, please post your answers to the following questions, along with the other documentation for the circuit(s) that you built in class, and the diagram(s) you drew.

Question 1: What did you intend to assemble in the recitation exercise? If your sensor/actuator combination were to be used for pragmatic purposes, who would use it, why would they use it, and how could it be used?

Question 2: Code is often compared to following a recipe or tutorial.  Why do you think that is?

Question 3: In Language of New Media, Manovich describes the influence of computers on new media. In what ways do you believe the computer influences our human behaviors?

You should cite any sources you referred to for your recitation exercise.

** You should embed your code into your blog instead of taking a screenshot of it. In order to do so, you can go to Edit > Copy as HTML in Arduino, and paste it in the Text view of your blog post editor.

 

Answer 1:

In this recitation exercise, my first and the most important intention was to get familiar with the usage of different types of sensors. Also, I tried to apply what I had learned in classes to add some other electronic elements to the original simple circuit. For example, the first sensor I tried was the moisture sensor, after directly connecting it to the Arduino with red, black, yellow wires connected to 5 voltages, GND, and A0 respectively, I added an LED to the original circuit. The LED was connected in another independent circuit together with the 220 ohms resistor to protect it. And instead of connecting the LED to the 5 voltages, I connected it to the digital pin 9, which can also read and write analog information, and set the pin as an output. Therefore, the LED’s brightness can be altered as the value of the moisture sensor changes.

If my sensor combination were to be used for pragmatic purposes, I suppose that the cosmetics industry may feel interested in that. To explain further, they can adapt this design to a more sophisticated one, which can sense the moisture level in a more detailed way and the related output can be a few pilot lamps, instead of the simple LED, to indicate and inform the customers of the skincare condition.

Answer 2:

Code is often compared to following a recipe or tutorial, and I very much agreed with that. First of all, code is a very crucial part of designing an interactive object. We write codes to let the computer know what we are going to ask the device to do. If we compare the codes to a recipe, then the various electronic elements are the ingredients for making a plate of delicacy and the final product can be regarded as the plate of delicacy that finally is displayed on the dinner table and wait for people to savor.  

Answer 3:

As far as I am concerned, the most important and obvious influence that computers have towards us human behaviors is that it takes us more time to focus our work and attention on computers as well as save us a lot of time to deal with problems by replacing handwritten with typing and by helping us with complex calculating.

Below are my codes for the circuits that I have done in this week’s recitation:

  1. Moisture Sensor
int sensorPin = A0;

int sensorValue = 0;

void setup() {

    Serial.begin(9600);
 
}

void loop() {

    // read the value from the sensor:
 
    sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin);
 
    Serial.print("Moisture = " );
 
    Serial.println(sensorValue);
 
    delay(1000);
 
}

Photo Documentation:

Video Documentation:

Circuit: 

  1. Moisture Sensor with LED
int sensorPin = A0;

int sensorValue = 0;

int ledPin = 9;

void setup() {

    Serial.begin(9600);
 
    pinMode(9, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {

    // read the value from the sensor:
 
    sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin);
 
    Serial.print("Moisture = " );
 
    Serial.println(sensorValue);
 
    int mois = map(analogRead(A0), 0, 200, 0, 255);
 
    if (mois > 3000) {
 
      analogWrite(ledPin, mois);
 
  Serial.println(analogRead(A0));
 
    }
 
    else{
 
      digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
 
    }
 
    delay(10);
 
    }

Video Documentation:

Circuit: 

  1. Ultrasonic Ranger
const int pingPin = 6;

void setup() {

  Serial.begin(9600);

}

void loop() {

  long duration, inches, cm;

  pinMode(pingPin, OUTPUT);

  digitalWrite(pingPin, LOW);

  delayMicroseconds(2);

  digitalWrite(pingPin, HIGH);

  delayMicroseconds(5);

  digitalWrite(pingPin, LOW);

  pinMode(pingPin, INPUT);

  duration = pulseIn(pingPin, HIGH);

  inches = microsecondsToInches(duration);

  cm = microsecondsToCentimeters(duration);

  Serial.print(inches);

  Serial.print("in, ");

  Serial.print(cm);

  Serial.print("cm");

  Serial.println();

  delay(100);

}

Video Documentation:

Circuit: