As early summer wildfires break out in Western Canada, the United States is facing poor air quality, leading the National Weather Service to issue alerts in several regions. On June 4, a concentrated cloud of smoke hit Iowa and Illinois, extending into Wisconsin. Air quality alerts were issued in New York City, New Jersey, and Connecticut, warning residents that air quality levels have reached hazardous levels.
Air quality readings in St. Paul, Ohio, and Minneapolis, Minnesota, reached “very unhealthy” levels, reading above the 200 mark. In New York, the air quality hit 105 on June 4, falling into the “unhealthy for sensitive groups” zone. Vulnerable groups include children, elderly individuals, and those with preexisting respiratory and cardiovascular conditions.
Experts are particularly warning residents of high levels of ground-level ozone, a pollutant that is formed by a chemical reaction between nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, and sunlight. Wildfire smoke also contains dangerous particulate matter—fine particles that can penetrate the lungs and enter the bloodstream.
Unfortunately, the long-term health impacts of wildfires are unknown. Still, scientists believe that fire-related air pollution poses health effects long after the blaze is under control. Various studies have shown that wildfire-smoke exposure is correlated with a higher risk of heart attacks, strokes, reproductive complications, mental health issues, and some cancers. Research on mice and monkeys may suggest that smoke can disrupt the immune system, leading to increased inflammation and stress on the body. Exposure to PM2.5, in particular, is correlated with heart conditions, infertility, and dementia. More immediate health impacts of wildfire air pollution include respiratory and dermal discomfort and irritation.
In August 2020, California experienced hundreds of wildfires for weeks. Air quality warnings were set for a record-breaking 30 consecutive days. During this time, hospital admissions rose by 12%, with a 43% increase in strokes and cardiovascular issues. Experts believe that the smoke may have been a leading cause of death in thousands of cases.
As climate change brings increased heat and prolonged periods of drought, wildfire risks will continue to rise. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration projects that in the Western U.S., a 1-degree C annual rise in average temperatures is correlated with a 600% increase in the median burned area each year.
Public health experts are urging people to protect themselves from wildfire smoke by staying indoors and keeping windows shut. If going outside is necessary, doctors recommend wearing an N95 mask and avoiding strenuous activities. Low air quality is not always clear, so it’s crucial to check air quality reports regularly, especially during the hottest months of the year.
By Jamie Epstein