1.

• The aliens’ writing language are different from their speaking language. In their language. one grammar has two dimension. It’s guessed that writing and speech may play such different cultural or cognitive roles that using separate languages makes more sense than using different forms of the same one.
• The writing system of the aliens is a semasio-graphic writing system. It conveys meaning without reference to speech. There’s no correspondence between its components and any particular sounds.
• Though the spoken language of the aliens has no written punctuation, its syntax was indicated in the way the semagrams were combined. There was no way to slice out subject-predicate pairings neatly to make sentences.
• Word order meant next to nothing in their speaking language. Also, There was no preferred order when reading the semagrams in a sentence.
• They already know what they will hear or say before a conversation. However, language is still necessary for them as a form of action.

2.

    ①The aliens has a simultaneous mode of consciousness. They are aware of thongs happened in the past, right now, and in the future at the same time. Therefore, speech is a bottleneck for them because it requires that one word follow another sequentially. So they has developed a different writing system that the order of words don’t make sense. It shows how the consciousness influence the way of communication.

   ② For human beings, someone deaf or mute can use some sign language to communicate, such as ASL that is mentioned in the novel.