Affordance
Everyone knows how to open the light with this kind of button.
Feedback
The icon of the Gmail website will show loading animation after you click something(request).
Mapping
Users can use the touchpad of Macbook pro to scroll up and down on websites. This design perfectly shows the relationship between control and effects.
Group
Designers need to design accordingly. For example, centrum design their product for both men and women group.
Conventions
In the game industry, there is a convention in controller design. As the image shows, almost all the companies(except Sony Play Station) follow the certain layout of buttons to design their controllers. The image is my Joy-cons of Switch.
Consistency
The UI design of IOS follows the rules of consistency. In my memory, the design language of IOS is always a quasi-physical style. As we can see in the above image, the icon of the most function are real physical things in the real world(phone, mail, clock, etc.)
Constraints
The ports of Macbook pro or other types of a laptop are the result of “constraints”. Users’s choices are limited by the designer and they will naturally know how to use the port.
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