Copyright by W. K. L. Dickson; shot by William Heise. Jan. 9.
Performer: Edison machinist and BFF Fred Ott.
Edison Kinetographic Theater, West Orange, New Jersey.
This is a GIF file.
Read the deep media archaeology done during 2012-2023 on the Orphan Film Symposium blog. Dan Streible, “Fred Ott Sneezes, Twice,” Jan. 7, 2023. https://wp.nyu.edu/orphanfilm/2023/01/07/fred-ott-sneezes-twice/
September 23, 2020, Film History / Historiography, week 3.
Sept 23 Silent film histories from Edison to Micheaux to Flaherty
Guest speaker: Charles Musser
Read: Allyson Nadia Field, “Introduction,” Uplift Cinema: The Emergence of African American Film and the Possibility of Black Modernity (Duke U Press, 2015), 1-31 (especially “A Manifesto for Looking at Lost Film,” 23-31).
Jacqueline Najuma Stewart, “‘We Were Never Immigrants’: Oscar Micheaux and the Reconstruction of Black American Identity,” in Migrating to the Movies: Cinema and Black Urban Modernity (U of California Press, 2005), 219-44.
Pearl Bowser and Louise Spence, “Oscar Micheaux’s The Symbol of the Unconquered: Text and Context,” in Oscar Micheaux and His Circle: African-American Filmmaking and Race Cinema of the Silent Era, ed. Pearl Bowser, Jane Gaines, and Charles Musser (Indiana U Press, 2001), 81-96.
Charles Musser, “To Redream the Dreams of White Playwrights: Reappropriation and Resistance in Oscar Micheaux’s Body and Soul ,” in Oscar Micheaux and His Circle, 97-131 (especially 97-101 and 119-31).
Paul Moore, “A ‘Distant Reading’ of the ‘Chaser Theory’: Local Views and the Digital Generation of New Cinema History.” In Technology and Film Scholarship. Experience, Study, Theory, ed. Santiago Hidalgo (Amsterdam U Press, 2018), 169-84, doi: 10.5117/9789089647542/ch07
Charles Musser, “Problems in Historiography: The Documentary Tradition Before Nanook of the North,” in The Documentary Film Book, ed. Brian Winston (BFI, 2013), 119-28.
Watch: Two by Oscar Micheaux:
Within Our Gates (1919) 74 min. Music by Paul D. Miller, aka DJ Spooky.
The Symbol of the Unconquered: A Story of the Ku Klux Klan (1920) 60 min. Music by Max Roach.
Recommended viewing:
Body and Soul (1925) with Paul Robeson. Music by Paul D. Miller, aka DJ Spooky. 93 min. Clip, 55:30 to 59:00: Isabelle tells her mother the truth about Rev. Jenkins.
Bonus: The Films of Oscar Micheaux (Bret Wood, 2016) with Musser. 8 min.
Bonus: Pioneers of African-American Cinema: An Introduction (Bret Wood, 2016) with Stewart and Musser. 7 min.
Bonus fun one: The Symbol of the Unconquered Abridged (2020) 5 min. (Also embedded above.)
Bonus fun too: Accidental glitch art video, MP4 file from that time I digitized a nearly twenty-year-old DVD: The Origins of Film, Disc 1. The African American Cinema I: Oscar Micheaux’s Within Our Gates (1919), Library of Congress Video Collection, New York: Unapix Entertainment, distributed by Image Entertainment, 2000. (The first commercial DVDs were released in 1997.)
“Divine justice punishes the real killer.”
Unofficially, the National Film Registry’s 775 entries include 63 credited to women filmmakers. (Perhaps there are others I’m overlooking?)
Since last updating this list, a dozen more titles of films by women directors have been added to the National Film Registry. Among the 75 movies put on the list in 2017-19, women were the primary creators of twelve.
My Name Is Oona (1969) Gunvor Nelson
Wanda (1970) Barbara Loden
I Am Somebody (1970) Madeline Anderson
A New Leaf (1971) Elaine May
Lives of Performers (1972) Yvonne Rainer
Girlfriends (1978) Claudia Weill
Before Stonewall (1984) Greta Schiller
Hair Piece: A Film for Nappy Headed People (1984) Ayoka Chenzira
Thelonious Monk: Straight, No Chaser (1988) Charlotte Zwerin
Eve’s Bayou (1997) Kasi Lemmons
Boys Don’t Cry (1999) Kimberly Peirce
Real Women Have Curves (2002) Patricia Cardoso
Librarian of Congress Carla Hayden included seven in the most recent annual announcement.
An unofficial list of U.S. National Film Registry entries by women filmmakers (best I can figure).
How to identify films “made by” women is not always obvious. Generally, we think of a director’s credit as the main criterion. The Library of Congress National Film Registry includes entries from a wide variety of categories, some of which do not have “directors” per se. Others have more than one “filmmaker” or director attributed as the main creator. Nearly half of the 51 titles listed here have two or more makers. I have not included films for which women might have been a contributing creative force (as producer, screenwriter, performer, etc.) but not director or lead filmmaker.
With only 51 of the first 700 Registry titles created by women, the percentage remains low. By including nontheatrical films, however, the number is greater than often assumed. Some female co-directors have had their names omitted from attribution in a world where a single auteur is the default presumption. The Academy Award for Frank Film (1973) was given to Frank Mouris but not co-director Caroline Mouris, for example. Some filmmakers have not always been recognized as women because their names were not gender-specific (Marvin Breckinridge, Lee Dick, Ray Eames, Chick Strand).
Most of these movies can be found streaming online, but here I have not included sites requiring paid subscriptions or YouTube versions (which are easy to find but with notoriously ephemeral URLs). The links below are for complete (mostly) versions at authorized or reliable websites.
Front matter. In book publishing, it’s the stuff that comes before the page with the Arabic numeral 1, the elements given those quaint lower-case roman numerals: the title page, colophon (metadata such as the copyright notice, edition, name of the typeface, printer, etc.), dedication, acknowledgments, table of contents, list of illustrations, foreword, preface, and such. What’s the equivalent of front matter for an archival motion-picture film?
In looking at the digital video reproductions of pre-1918 motion pictures (scanned 16mm films, 35mm films, and paper prints) that LOC provided for this MEP project, we see a gallimaufry of short shots and flash frames preceding the head title (if one exists) or the first shot of the work.
The print medium analogies for early cinema were in use from the beginning of film preservation. Howard Walls’s May 6, 1943 presentation to the Society of Motion Picture Engineers technical conference, announcing the work on the Paper Print Collection, was entitled “Motion Picture Incunabula in the Library of Congress,” incunabula being texts printed before 1501, when the printing press was new. [See Journal of SMPE no. 42 (1944): 155-159.]
Below is a selection of frames that appear at the beginning (mostly) of some of the movies that participants in the project are studying. Some are from archival interventions that appear in the middle of the original film, such as the textual indicators the preservationists at Kemp Niver’s Renovare Company inserted when an intertitle was missing from a paper print. (In printing-press terms, we might call this a “slug,” i.e., a “usually temporary type line serving to instruct or identify,” per M-W.com.) Most are from films in the Paper Print Collection, others are from LOC’s George Kleine Collection (catalog for the latter here.). Others are from unidentified elsewheres. Except where a researcher has imported a movie from a site such as the Internet Archive or YouTube, movie files were created by the Library of Congress and delivered to the Media Ecology Project for hosting.
An odd anomaly:
While converting the Library of Congress paper print collection of early motion pictures into 16mm film, the technicians often added a quickly written head title or identifying text. The Fickle Spaniard (Biograph, 1912) has a handwritten title, but in an extremely unusual instance the letters are animated. The operator of the Renovare machine in 1963 would have had to slow the normal work flow to write the unfolding title on a few dozen frames to get this 2 or 3 seconds of animation. Coming as it does as a surprise in the midst of all the paper print films, it has an uncanny effect, especially because it is reminiscent of the scratched-on titles and signatures that Stan Brakhage and other avant garde filmmakers were doing circa 1963. (Downloadable here: The Fickle Spaniard — animated title.)
Looking again at the frames that include identifying numbers from LOC films — e.g., #63-194, 59-220, #60-GKN-5, etc. — it seems likely that the first two digits denote the year in which Renovare or LOC copied work to 16mm film masters. In the case of GKNs — George Kleine nitrate — it was the U.S. Department of Agriculture film laboratory that copied the Kleine 35mm nitrate to 16mm film for the Library in 1960. As was standard operating procedure at the time, the potentially hazardous and flammable nitrate cellulose was destroyed after it was preserved on 16mm. Also, the Library had inadequate nitrate film storage space at the time. (Now it has state of the art vaults in Culpeper, Virginia.)
A last point to note: on preservation titles added by Niver’s Renovare (and originally Primrose) team on behalf of the Library and the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, what is now officially known as the Library of Congress Paper Print Collection is identified as the “Paper Film Collection.” A bit of an oxymoron, paper film.
§ § § §
In previous entries, this website explained how to convert physical lengths of films (how many feet long?) into durations (how many minutes/seconds does the movie run on screen?). Here’s some review, using the added resource of the XML files supplied by the Library of Congress for this MEP project.
XML: eXtensible Markup Language files create common information formats and share the data using standard text. (See whatis.com, among others.)
When the Library of Congress exports a record for a film in its internal collection management database — MAVIS (Merged AudioVisual Information System) — the resulting XML file creates a lengthy string of coded text. Here’s what the beginning of one such file looks like. Useful terms have been marked in bold for this example.
<mavis database="LOC:mbrp" date="2015-02-28T18:32:41" organisation="Library of Congress"> <TitleWork descr="Moving Image" xl:href="/TitleWork/key/107086" xl:title="Muggsy becomes a hero." <identifier>J144969</identifier> <identifierType xl:href="/Code/key/IDENTIFIER_TYPE/TITLE/COP" xl:title="Copyright Registration Number">COP</identifierType> <AcetateFilmComponent descr="Paper Positive Picture" <identifier>LC2635</identifier>
With some patience, legible details can be gleaned.
The example of the American Mutoscope and Biograph production entitled The Black Viper (1908) demonstrates how the metadata helps tell the story of the work’s transformation across media. In this case a 35mm production became a pair of 35mm paper print copies (deposited at LOC July 16, 1908). One of the paper rolls (730 feet long) was copied to 16mm film (292 feet) by Kemp Niver’s Renovare Company in April 1962, and positive film print added to the LOC collection in November 1968. The Library made or acquired a 35mm film copy in 1991. In 2012-13, LOC rehoused the two paper copies in new storage containers and created a digital video (MPEG-4 file) copy. All of this and more is embedded in the XML file for The Black Viper. (Highlighted portions at the bottom of this post.)
The video streaming from the Mediathread platform has a running time of 8:27. This includes an opening 10 seconds of black leader and 11 more seconds of “front matter” (LOC title card, copyright information, et al.) before the photographic image begins at 0:22. The movie ends on a freeze frame (Niver’s, not Biograph’s) of the final photographic image at 8:21, followed by another copyright notice and black screen. So a little more than 8 minutes of the original film image track.
With the XML metadata, we can use a film footage calculator (such as this one at Scene Savers) to determine how closely the DV running time we see matches the known physical lengths. The calculator says that the 292 feet of 16mm print would run 8:06 at 24 frames per second. The 35mm print at 730 feet would run 8:06 too. In fact the calculator reveals that 292 feet of 16mm film and 730 feet of 35mm film both consist exactly of 11,680 frames of film. A perfect match. Which is rare. Therefore the video access copy, at just over 8 minutes, well matches the description of the source materials. Which is not to assume it’s a perfect match in terms of what we see on screen. The running time matches if the digital video was copied at 24 frames per second. However, a film of 1908 would’ve been projected at a slower frame rate, probably closer to 18 or 16 fps. And in fact the speed of the streaming version appears faster than natural human movement, so it was likely copied at the modern 24 fps speed used for sound films.
Sometimes the different running times of video derived from the same set of film frames is quite obvious. For example, Cake Walk (American Mutoscope Co., 1897; copyright 1903) runs 24 seconds when copied at 16 frames per second. This is how it’s displayed on the LOC public site at https://www.loc.gov/item/96520361. On the Mediathread platform, a more recent and higher resolution digital copy of the same Paper Print Collection source material has Cake Walk running only 16 seconds (because copied at 24 fps).
Here’s a desktop video comparison.
[archiveorg cake-walk-1897 width=640 height=480 frameborder=0 webkitallowfullscreen=true mozallowfullscreen=true]
Sampling of metadata from the LOC XML file for The Black Viper (1908).
<identifier>H113479</identifier> <“Copyright Registration Number“>
<receivedDate>1962-04-18</receivedDate> <AcetateFilmCarrier descr=“Positive Picture“<actualLength>292</actualLength>
<gauge title=”16mm”>16</gauge> <receivedDate>1968-11-06</receivedDate>
<source xl:href=”/Organisation =”Renovare Co.“>
<collection>NIVER (KEMP) COLLECTION (LIBRARY OF CONGRESS)</collection>
<notes>According to paperwork in the Niver acquisition file, this component is an original reversal master positive, however film has not been inspected to confirm.</notes>
<receivedDate>1991-01-01</receivedDate>
IDENTIFIER_TYPE/CARRIER/FORMER PP ROLL <actualLength>730</actualLength>
<modifiedDate>2012-03-27T10:46:08</modifiedDate> <notes>Originally, two copies of Paper Print paper rolls were housed in one box (LC 2691). When rehoused by Conservation Division, copy 1 was housed in Box 0419, copy 2 was housed in a separate box, Box 5251. A. Ainsworth 03/27/2012</notes>
<labelNote>Copy 2</labelNote> <receivedDate>1908-07-16</receivedDate>
<categoryMaterial xl:href=”/Code/key/CATEGORY/A/P” xl:title=”Preservation Material”>P</categoryMaterial
<format xl:href=”/Code/key/FORMAT//A” xl:title=”Safety Film“>A</format><gauge>35</gauge><copiedDate>2013-02-04</copiedDate> <copyItem descr=”Video/MPEG4″
From: Paul C Spehr <spehr@embarqmail.com>
Date: Fri, Mar 17, 2017 at 3:29 PM
Subject: Re: Motion Picture Catalogs
To: Dan Streible <dan.streible@nyu.edu>
Cc: Mark J. Williams, Mike Mashon
I’ve attached 5 frames from [Dickson Greeting].
This is the first film in what became the lasting format, to be seen by the public. On May 20, 1891, after dining with Mrs. Edison, the presidents of women’s clubs came to Edison’s lab and were shown this film on a prototype of the Kinetoscope — supposedly with a [phonograph] recording accompanying it. These images were attached to Edison’s patent application the following August. Gordon Hendricks found them later and called them a most important find. But someone put them into the wrong folder after they were photocopied so they were lost again.
NARA [U.S. National Archives and Records Administration] found them a few years ago and sent me a copy.
If you play them in sequence you will get some semblance of motion.”
— Paul Spehr
p.s. Here is the LOC online catalog record:
[Dickson greeting] Edison Laboratory; producer, W.K.L. Dickson, William Heise. [1891] United States.
viewing print 1 film reel of 1 (ca. 6 ft.) : si., b&w ; 35 mm.
FYA 1278 (viewing print).
Variant LC title: Early Edison camera tests. https://lccn.loc.gov/00694118
And he is the downloadable LOC MOV file. 4014b
In the previous post, we examined the films featuring performer Kathryn Osterman (1883-1956) at the American Mutoscope & Biograph Company, starting with The Rose (1903), considering it as a precursor to the Edison company’s popular novelty film Three American Beauties (1906). This follow-up post points to some related primary research resources, motion picture catalogs. It also considers a contemporary figure with similar appeal, Anna Held (1872-1918), who also appeared in AM&B films. Held, the common-law partner of Florenz Ziegfeld, enjoyed much greater celebrity than Osterman. Although Luise Rainer won an Academy Award portraying the actress in The Great Ziegfeld (1936), Held is not widely remembered today.
First, here’s a copy of one of her two appearances before the Biograph on May 24, 1901. Although the copyright record refers only to one title (simply Anna Held) AM&B’s catalog lists no. 1864 Anna Held (Full Length) and no. 1863 Anna Held (Bust View). The latter is found on the websites of three stock footage companies, and perhaps nowhere else on line until LOC provided an MOV for our NYU class and the Media Ecology Project. To embed it here I put it in the Internet Archive, Orphan Film Symposium Collection.
Filmed in 68mm by Frederick S. Armitage.
AM&B’s Picture Catalogue of 1902 pitched it as “A stunning picture of the well-known actress in the drinking scene which made such a hit in Papa’s Wife. The figure is shown in bust view, making the head very large and giving a clear view of the facial expressions of the beautiful artiste.” The company said that both “make hits either in the Biograph [35mm projection service] or Mutoscope” [hand-cranked peep-show viewer]. The production log says Anna Held No. 1, Full Length was sold in lengths of 91 feet and 532 feet; Anna Held No. 2, Bust, 59 and 340 feet. The shorter lengths would’ve run under a minute and likely were the frames printed onto mutoscope cards. The longer rolls we can only speculate about: were multiple or longer takes of the same composition shot? Did the 532-feet item include both films edited together?
The comedy Papa’s Wife was a popular success from 1899 to 1901, with Act 2 featuring naif Anna getting tipsy on her first champagne and singing.
Held was not only using the film to promote her stage celebrity, she was appearing in advertisements for the Mutoscope machine. Perhaps to counter the peep-show’s reputation as stag entertainment, the ads showed Held as a viewer of Mutoscope fare.
New York Clipper, September 26, 1903 (center). The LOC Prints & Photographs Online Catalog (PPOC) record reads: “Anna Held and a mutoscope.” Photograph (left) by the American Mutoscope & Biograph Co., 1901. Reproduction number: LC-USZ62-7321 (b&w film copy neg.). The colorized image comes from a stock photo vendor.
In the previous post, we saw that the genres and categories of early cinema were changeable and sometimes confused or uncertain about naming conventions. That same 1902 catalog listed films under 16 headings: Comedy, Vaudeville, Trick, Sports and Pastimes, Notable Personages, Railroads, Scenic, Fire and Police, Military, Parades, Marine, Children, Educational, Expositions, Machinery, and Miscellaneous.
Look at how they illustrated the Vaudeville section!
Even the term vaudeville doesn’t quite cover the territory. Both Anna Held and early motion pictures appeared not only in vaudeville theaters, but also in other stage venues (variety, burlesque, Broadway, opera houses, and the wonderful panoply of theatrical enterprises that existed when movie theaters joined the mix).
Film historian Jennifer Peterson offers this insight in her 2013 book Education in the School of Dreams: Travelogues and Early Nonfiction Film. After noting the 16 AM&B classifications, she (via Tom Gunning) points out that another Biograph catalog of 1902 offered this schema: “comedy views; sports and pastimes views; military views; railroad views; scenic views; views of notable persons; miscellaneous views; trick pictures; marine views; children’s pictures; fire and patrol views; Pan American Exposition Views; vaudeville views; educational views; parade pictures:” She concludes (p. 290) “the slight variation between categories (the different order, the addition of the word ‘views’ to many of the categories in one list) even in these two lists from the same company in the same year indicates the high level of slippage possible in early film classifications.”
Trade periodicals for the film industry did not appear until 1907, making motion picture sales and rental catalogs indispensable primary sources for historical research. Again we owe Charles Musser a debt of gratitude for making a large number of these publications more accessible. He worked with archives that photographed such documents for a microfilm publication, which he edited. A Guide to Motion Picture Catalogs by American Producers and Distributors, 1894–1908 (University Publications of America, 1985). Taking the microfilm into the digital realm, Rutgers University offers downloadable PDFs of 508 documents. The AM&B Picture Catalogue series is particularly valuable, often showing strips of film for works that are otherwise lost.
The images of Osterman (below) are low-resolution, reflecting what’s currently available on-line. However, one can consult the originals at the Museum of Modern Art’s Film Study Center. And, again as part of the ongoing Media Ecology Project as well as the Media History Digital Library, Paul Spehr tells us that discussions are underway to have new high-resolution scans made of the original paper booklets. He adds (in an e-mail today) that a second copy of Biograph Picture Catalogue exists at the Seaver Center, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History. “It’s in the Van Guysling Collection of American Biograph Co. George E. Van Guysling was head of the West Coast Office of AM&B, and briefly, 1905-1907 or 8, manager in NYC. His brother was also at the LA office.” MoMA’s copy has productions No. 1 through 3007 (April 1905) + Nos. 3171-74, scenes after the San Francisco earthquake in 1906. “In many cases, he says, “it is almost impossible to read the title information at the bottom.”
How does the information found there relate to Spehr’s spreadsheet of AM&B productions that MEP and NYU Film Historiography students are working with?
Paul says the “title in Column A is the title in the production log book, which is a working title, probably as entered at the time the film was processed. The titles in Columns O, P, & Q. are from the AFI Catalog, Film Beginnings, 1893-1910. Eli Savada who compiled it was very good at searching out all variations. Column O would be the title as it appears there or in Howard Walls’s Motion Pictures 1894-1912 or Niver’s PP Catalog.” This explains, for example, why the footage seen above was logged during production as two pieces (Bust View and Full Length) but given one title, Anna Held, when the two films were jointly deposited for copyright. To confuse matters more, the Biographers only registered some motion pictures for copyright months or years after they had been shot. Beginning in 1901, U.S. Copyright Office registrations for photographs — and therefore paper prints of motion pictures — were assigned numbers preceded by the letter H.
Niver’s entry is: Anna Held. ©H16386 Apr. 12, 1902. Date [of production]: May 24, 1901.
However, Walls adds a second H number and a third date: Anna Held. © 29 May 1901; H4670. © 12 April 1902; H16386. At first it is not clear why Niver omitted the first copyright (of May 29, 1901). But then few things were clear about motion picture copyright in 1901. As we’ve learned, U.S. law did not allow movies to be copyrighted as movies until 1912. (See Wendi A. Maloney’s “Centennial of Cinema Under Copyright Law,” on the LOC blog.) Niver was correct, which I discovered thanks to a lone footnote in an appendix in Patrick G. Loughney’s invaluable dissertation, “A Descriptive Analysis of the Library of Congress Paper Print Collection” (1988). He lists film companies (“claimants”) and the number of works each produced, by year and genre. One “unidentified” item from Biograph has an asterisk, noting “Anna Held (29 May 1902, H4670) is an endorsement/publicity photograph (8″ x 10″) showing the singer posing with a tabletop model of a Mutoscope” (p.333).
Minor mystery solved. The photograph is one of four of Held in David Robinson’s 1995 book From Peep Show to Palace: The Birth of American Film.
But, wait! Our bible — Howard Lamarr Walls, Motion Pictures, 1894-1912: — lists yet ANOTHER film: Anna Held, no. 10. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 11 July 1901; H5921. Is this a lost film? Probably not. Loughney indicates this registration “has been identified as an 8 x10 publicity still and does not represent a motion picture registration” (p. 368, note 3).
What does the photo show? Its title and copyright number are not in the LOC catalog. Presumably it is not the image of Held with a tabletop mutoscope. However, Alexis Ainsworth’s working database of Paper Print fragments lists the title Anna Held commercial. It matches the Walls copyright entry, H5921, July 11, 1901, Anna Held, no. 10. But the notes say the PPC has 4 x 6 inch prints. More than one. Copyright deposits for motion pictures, even many years after 1912, often included only a few still images. Sometimes these were printed frame enlargements, other times short strips of consecutive frames. Could Anna Held commercial in fact have been a motion picture, with some of the frames deposited as H5921? It’s not in the AM&B production log. But the Fragments database has a note: the numeral appearing in the “corner may indicate internal production number, i.d.” Researcher Buckey Grimm is currently examining the Paper Prints fragments and will look into this conflicting evidence.
Returning to the evidence found in the Biograph Photo Catalogs (as they are listed in the Rutgers University holdings), here are samples of Kathryn Osterman’s filmography.
Her lone pre-1903 film The Art of Making-up (1900) is laid out on a page with a burlesque sketch and two actualities.
The 1902 Picture Catalogue‘s synopsis misspells both of her names! (None of the 1903 films or catalogs identify her by name.) The Art of “Making-Up” is described this way.
Katherine Ostermann, the well-known vaudeville comedienne, in a complete exposition of the methods of “making-up” the face for the stage. She shows the penciling of the eye-brows, blackening the eye lashes, rouging the lips, applying the grease paint and so forth. The work is done in a very dainty and interesting way. Only the head and shoulders of the subject are shown; the figure thus being very large.
Osterman’s Boudoir pose appears alongside a banal actuality of 1903.
Four more of her 1903 films are illustrated together.
.
And The Rose is revealed to be composed in the same manner as Lucky Kitten.
The 18-shot A Search for Evidence is reduced to three frames, each a different keyhole shot, each of which is a woman’s point-of-view shot.
Certainly higher-resolution copies of these rare images will be most welcome, and may reveal details allowing better analyses. Particularly for those early AM&B films shot on the 68mm format better copying will give us a better perception of how stunning the original images were. “Old movies” are too often ignored simply because we can’t take the same kind of pleasure in watching inferior copies. When contemporary audiences are shown some of the restored large-format Biograph films, they still elicit thrills and give aesthetic pleasure.
§ An avant-garde aside:
→ Returning to where we started this Film Historiography course — latter-day avant-garde uses of early cinema and its “attractions” — we find evidence of that pleasure. After seeing 35mm AM&B prints restored by the Netherlands Filmmuseum and BFI at the 2004 Orphan Film Symposium, filmmaker Bill Morrison was inspired to make his ultra-widescreen Outerborough (2005, 9 minutes). He used a high-resolution copy of Across Brooklyn Bridge (American Mutoscope Co., 1899), which shows a rail ride crossing the East River. Outerborough is a structuralist diptych, with the original footage run forward then backward, alongside its mirrored image. Watch it on Morrison’s Vimeo site.
Commissioned by the Museum of Modern Art. Music by Todd Reynolds. Postproduction by Cineric.
Also known as New York to Brooklyn Taken from Car Running across Brooklyn Bridge, the 1899 movie is not in the Paper Print Collection. An assembly of three 90-foot rolls of 68mm film, Across Brooklyn Bridge was virtually unseen until 2004, when the BFI copied it to 35mm. The original sales catalog read: “This picture is very novel and interesting. It gives the complete trip from the station at the New York City end of the bridge to the station at the Brooklyn end, as seen from the front end of a third rail car running at high speed. The entire trip consumes three minutes of time, during which abundant opportunity is given to observe all the structural wonders of the bridge, and far distant river panorama below.” Bill Morrison writes: “For modern audiences it is similarly rarefied view we can no longer experience. . . . no train crosses the bridge anymore, and no vehicle can travel over on its median as that trolley did. The unique central perspective lends itself to abstraction and time travel: the journey from one side of the East River to the other becoming a unit of both time and space, increasingly compressible and distributable.”
Kinesthetic films, Gunning called them in a companion piece to his attractions essay. He notes that a very early American Mutoscope actuality, The Haverstraw Tunnel (1897), caused a sensation. A New York newspaper described the screening of the Haverstraw recording in sensuous language, words that hint at the aspects of early cinema that resonated with experimental filmmakers decades later: “The way in which the unseen energy swallows up space and flings itself into the distances is as mysterious and impressive almost as an allegory. . . . One holds his breath instinctively as he is swept along in the rush of the phantom cars. His attention is held almost with the vise of a fate.” These words from the New York Mail and Express, rediscovered (in Biograph Bulletins, 1971) in Robert C. Allen’s 1977 dissertation about vaudeville and film, were striking indeed, quoted by many scholars since.
Yet it is not only the “phantom” ride qualities of Across Brooklyn Bridge that made it apt for a structuralist film. The hypnotic repetitions and geometric patterns also captivate the modern eye. Watching Outerborough calls to mind another exceptional American Mutoscope and Biograph production, Interior New York Subway, 14th Street to 42nd Street (1905), showing the new Interborough Rapid Transit (IRT) system that began operations in October 1904.
The MoMA copy is reproduced here, from the National Film Preservation Foundation.
The Library of Congress copy is reproduced here. The metadata do not list a 16mm version, but a 35mm viewing print and dupe negative made at the Library in 1991, from a 35mm negative made by the UCLA Film and Television Archive, ca. 1989. Presumably the digital file derives from the 35mm. But did UCLA make its 35mm copy from the LOC paper copy of 1905? And were the preservationists comparing the LOC and MoMA items?
Preserved by MoMA from the 35mm original camera negative, G. W. Bitzer’s five-minute film remains an absorbing viewing experience in its own right. Yet is also continues to attract media artists wanting to reuse it. Ken Jacobs is perhaps the avant-garde artist most closely associated with the merging early cinema and experimental film. He made his landmark Tom, Tom, the Piper’s Son (1969) using Bitzer’s 1905 Biograph film of the same title. Jacobs rephotographed a 16mm copy he purchased from the Library of Congress when Niver’s Paper Print films were newly available. However, Loughney points out that the AM&B copyright deposit that Niver preserved intermixed the movie’s narrative with outtakes. Ten years after Jacobs first deconstructed Bitzer’s film, the Library of Congress acquired an original release print. Biograph sold two different versions (850 and 506 feet). In either case what viewers saw in 1905 apparently did not look like the paper print reanimated sixty years later.
Listen to Ken Jacobs talk about Tom, Tom when it was new. Millennium Film Workshop”s archive has an audio recording of the 1969 talk at St. John’s University — evidence that the gulf between early cinema and later avant-garde artists was not as wide as Gunning worried. Jacobs was enacting and articulating it more than a decade before “The Cinema of Attractions” was published in 1986. This connection remains strong in the twenty-first century. Only a month ago [February 2017], Ken Jacobs’s 3-D digital production Ulysses in the Subway, co-directed by Paul Kaiser, Marc Downie, and Flo Jacobs, debuted at the Museum of Modern Art. Its soundtrack is a field recording of Jacobs traveling across Manhattan to his home. At several points in the hour-long experimental piece we see portions of Biograph’s Interior New York Subway, 14th Street to 42nd Street — ghosted, superimposed, freeze-framed, and stereographically manipulated. Bitzer’s “structuralist” composition abides.
I note, however, the issue of the aesthetic power of early cinema and the problems of provenance. The end credits to Ulysses in the Subway tell us that the footage from 1905 came from a newly digitized copy of the Jacobs 16mm print. As with Tom, Tom, he long ago obtained a copy of the 16mm material that Niver photographed from the Paper Print Collection. This although MoMA (which is working with Jacobs on archiving his collection) holds the beautiful American Mutoscope and Biograph camera original. Curiously, both the promotional text for Ulysses in the Subway and the filmmakers in discussion after the screening, referred to Bitzer’s masterful Interior film as an Edison production. A minor slippage, even if Edison vs. Biograph was the central conflict in the development of the American film industry.
Jacobs abides.
The only other Web access to images from the AM&B Picture Catalogue is from the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, to which Paul Spehr alluded. Its website has a small photography exhibition called the “Mutoscope and Biograph series.” It features 18 composite image files described as “Early Mutoscope and Biograph short series featuring offensive racial stereotypes of African-Americans in situations considered ‘comic’ at the time.” It’s a curious choice, offering digital access only to offensive racial images. The quality of the LACNHM JPEGs is marginally better than the Rutgers PDFs made from the microfilm copy of MoMA’s originals, but they remain low resolution.
Yet these are valuable primary sources for studying early cinema. In some cases these three frames are all that survive from a given work — or at least the only things accessible.
When film prints or negatives do survive, frame enlargements can reveal much more, even if these are taken from 16mm copies of 35mm paper prints. But we have also learned that for many titles in the Paper Print Collection, 35mm film copies survive elsewhere, sometimes even as original camera negative (OCNs!).
And these can make beautiful images, viz. Barbara Flückiger’s photograph of MoMA’s Three American Beauties on the Timeline of Historical Film Colors. (The Timeline team received a European Research Council grant of €2.9 million [more than $3,000,000], the largest amount ever awarded to a digital humanities project.)
Here’s a final case to consider.
The Library of Congress has excellent material on the AM&B film From Show Girl to Burlesque Queen (1903), part of the Paper Print Collection. But for some reason the LOC catalog metadata does not mention Niver’s 16mm copying of the paper. (FIAF’s database says there is a 16mm element at LOC; also a mutoscope roll of flip-cards at the George Eastman Museum.) The LOC catalog tell us the Library’s own lab made a 35mm duplicating negative and reference print in 1994. When first putting curated collections of movies on-line in the 1990s, the Library chose early American cinema (since copyrights had expired) and made 35mm copies of the paper prints in order to get the best-looking results to put on the Internet. The new film prints were transferred to Beta SP videotapes. After adding titles and adjusting contrast, the standard-definition video was digitized at Crawford Communications, which compressed the files for Web streaming and download. The MPEG-1 and tiny (160 × 120 pixels) MOV files for From Show Girl to Burlesque Queen were made in 1996. The MP4 file is higher resolution and begins with an Academy countdown leader. This version, with LOC logo and voiceover added to the head and tail, is what streams from LOC.gov, as well as, since 2009, from the Library of Congress YouTube channel.
Have a look at the 64-second movie. Note each second on the countdown leader lasts longer than one second, although the motion within the film appears natural. The LOC team decided well in copying the surviving film at 14 frames per second, a slightly slower speed than most films of the period. There was not a correct, standardized frame rate throughout the silent era. Also, speed at which film was recorded in the camera differed from the speed at which a film print was projected. Only synchronous-sound film got standardized as 24 fps after 1927. Of course viewers who looked at FSGtBQ on a hand-cranked mutoscope machine determined their own speed.
Kemp Niver’s 1967 synopsis is not quite lascivious.
A young is woman standing next to some screens, either behind or in the wings of a stage or a dressing room on stage. She begins to remove her clothing — first the dress, then slip, another slip and another — down to her fourth petticoat. With a very fetching smile, she goes behind a screen. Several other articles of clothing fall to the floor, having been tossed over the screen. In the last scene, the young woman emerges. She is half-clothed but is wearing long stockings. The dressing room door opens and man in a band costume [?] looks approvingly at what he sees.
In 1998, when the Library’s National Digital Library created the online exhibition American Variety Stage: Vaudeville and Popular Entertainment, 1870-1920, a scrupulous scholarly summary appeared with the movie.
Opens on a dressing room set with a mirror, dressing table, and chair center stage and a folded dressing screen on the left. A smiling, dark-haired woman enters through the door on stage right, unbuttoning a full-length polka-dot costume. As she undresses, she frequently looks directly at the camera and smiles. She removes her sash or cummerbund, the top with its trailing sleeves, and her skirt, leaving her clothed only in a sleeveless chemise. Smiling directly at the camera, she mischievously slips a strap of the garment off one shoulder, then ducks behind the screen. After the chemise is thrown over the top of the screen, her arm furtively reaches out from behind the screen and grabs a slight garment from the back of the chair and some items from the dressing table. She then emerges wearing a risqué, decorated costume with cap sleeves and a very short skirt, gathered at the waist. Her legs appear to be bare. The woman brandishes a sword, grabbed from under the discarded dress, and strikes a seductive pose as the viewer glimpses a costumed man entering the room.
“Costumed man” sounds more accurate than “man in a band costume” — which almost sounds like a punch line. And does he, as Niver put it, “look approvingly”? In fact he (if it is a he) is on screen for less than 1 second when the film ends. This frame was the only one I managed to grab in which his face is visible.
Further, in one of the LOC files (0549.mpg), he does not appear at all. The video ends on this frame.
But this is just a glitch. Costumed Man appears in all other video copies.
More difficult to explain is why the LOC Prints & Photographs Division has relatively high-resolution frame enlargements of From Show Girl to Burlesque Queen. These reveal much more of the original image than any of the video copies. Here are the 3 images.
Note how much of the image in these frame enlargements is cropped from the video version. A lot. Both have a 4 x 3 aspect ratio. Were the frames taken from the 35mm paper print, as the metadata seem to indicate? or perhaps from Mutoscope cards? 
The LOC catalog record for the still images indicates they were published in the book American Women: A Library of Congress Guide for the Study of Women’s History and Culture in the United States, edited by Sheridan Harvey (Library of Congress, 2001). Likely the images were created specifically for the book and now are online for open use. Chapter 10, in which these illustrations appear, is an excellent guide to how the Moving Image Section of the LOC Motion Picture, Broadcasting, and Recorded Sound Division is organized. Veteran researchers wrote the chapter: Rosemary Hanes (reference librarian in the Motion Picture Reading Room) and Brian Taves (film historian and LOC cataloguer). A condensed version of their text is here. The whole book is downloadable from the Hathi Trust book scanning project.
One last metadatum is revealing.
The PPOC record for the photographs lists them as part of an LOC “collection” called “Miscellaneous Items in High Demand.” This is a searchable database of more than 80,000 images “singled out for description because copy photographs or digital copies were requested for a publication, exhibition, or other special project that increased demand for the pictures.” In other words, it’s a historiographic tool, offering evidence of how a particular photo/film became better known, more widely circulated, and more accessible than others.
Some relevant reading:
Two marvelous social histories: Robert C. Allen, Horrible Prettiness: Burlesque and American Culture (U of North Carolina Press, 1991) and Timothy J. Gilfoyle, City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution, and the Commercialization of Sex, 1790-1920 (Norton, 1992).
+
• The Anna Held Museum Papers, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, Billy Rose Theatre Division.
• Eve Golden, Anna Held and the Birth of Ziegfeld’s Broadway (U of Kentucky Press, 2000).
• Tom Gunning, “An Unseen Energy Swallows Space: The Space in Early Film and Its Relation to American Avant-Garde Film,” in Film Before Griffith, ed. John Fell (U of California Press, 1983): 355-66
• Gordon Hendricks, Beginnings of the Biograph (Beginnings of the American Film, 1964).
• Karen Lund, “Early Cinema in the National Digital Library,” paper presented at the symposium “Orphans of the Storm: Saving ‘Orphan Films’ in the Digital Age,” University of South Carolina, September 23, 1999, www.sc.edu/filmsymposium/archive/ orphans1999/1.2KarenLund.htm.
Ziegfeld Girl: Image and Icon in Culture and Cinema (Duke UP, 1999), ch. 1, “Celebrity and Glamour: Anna Held.”
• David Monod, “The Eyes of Anna Held: Sex and Sight in the Progressive Era,” Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, 10, No. 3 (July 2011): 289-327.
• Jennifer Lynn Peterson, Education in the School of Dreams: Travelogues and Early Nonfiction Film (Duke UP, 2013).
• Paul Spehr, The Man Who Made Movies: W.K.L. Dickson (John Libbey, 2008).
• Dan Streible, “Children at the Mutoscope,” Cinémas: revue d’études cinématographiques /Journal of Film Studies [Montreal] 14.1 (2003): 91-116.
Bonus image:
Not totally forgotten. Anna Held on an iPhone cover.
Much of the Media Ecology Project’s pilot study of early cinema from the Library of Congress has been aided by consultation with Paul Spehr, film historian, archivist, and former assistant chief of the LOC Division of Motion Picture, Broadcasting, and Recorded Sound Division. He worked at the Library from 1958 to 1993. Some of his invaluable experience he documented for us in “The Education of an Archivist: Keeping Movies at the Library of Congress,” The Moving Image 13.1 (Spring 2013): 151-178. His generosity and contributions are described throughout the scholarship we have been reading this semester, especially in Derek Long’s “Excavating Film History with Metadata Analysis: Building and Searching the ECHO Early Cinema Credits Database,” in The Arclight Guidebook to Media History and the Digital Humanities (Reframe, 2016), a free e-book edited by Charles Acland and Eric Hoyt. “Spehr has always been generous in sharing and reformulating [his] data for researchers, Long writes.
For NYU students in Film History / Historiography, Paul Spehr has granted access to other research in progress, particularly his work with American Mutoscope and Biograph production logs of 1895-1908. He and former Museum of Modern Art curator Eileen Bowser have poured years of research into this. I could testify about other knowledge he has shared dating back to this LOC days. More recently, he sent me invaluable primary resources (pages from W. K. L. Dickson’s personal scrapbook, for example, and his typed transcriptions of Edison business correspondence) — and hard-to-find images. When I e-mailed Paul to ask if American Mutoscope and Biograph ever deposited paper prints made from its large-format 68mm films or mutoscope flip-cards, he sent me this:
“From 1896 until 1902 American Mutoscope Co. [and, after 1899, AM&B] didn’t copyright many films. In 1896 and 1897 they copyrighted scenes from several early productions in the large format, mounted on cards, as these pictures of Annabelle. The 68mm films that were projected weren’t copyrighted because they weren’t for sale.” Paul C. Spehr e-mail to Dan Streible and Mark Williams, Feb. 12, 2017.
When I asked for clues as to who the model in Three American Beauties was, he sent some interesting related material, pointing to this entry, The Rose, in the AM&B catalog.
Vaudeville comedienne Kathryn Osterman appeared in more than a dozen AM&B productions in 1903 (and one in 1900, The Art of “Making Up”). The Rose (aka Toying with Roses, 1903) is a single-take film that might be a precursor to Three American Beauties. A young woman (Osterman was 20) in medium close-up is associated with the American Beauty rose, and the catalog suggests it could be hand-colored.
“Another beautiful picture of the same young woman as in 2453 [LUCKY KITTEN!], admiring and enjoying the odor of a bunch of American Beauty Roses. Her head and bust occupy the whole field of the picture, which is admirable in every respect. Is exceedingly effective when colored.”
Because AM&B copyrighted The Rose, a paper print survives. Or perhaps two. Another asset the MEP-LOC project provides is access to the XML file for each of the 130 digital videos delivered. For example, the XML file for another Osterman title, The Unfaithful Wife: Murder and Suicide includes this metadatum: “Originally, two copies of Paper Print paper rolls were housed in one box (LC 1084). When rehoused by Conservation Division, copy 1 was housed in Box 0047, copy 2 was housed in a separate box, Box 5123.” Documented by PPC archivist Alexis Ainsworth on January 20, 2012.
The Niver summary, first published in 1967, enriches the 1903 sales bulletin description.
The Rose
AM&B ©H34518 Aug. 13, 1903.
Cameraman: G. W. Bitzer. Cast: Kathryn Osterman. Location: Studio, N.Y.C. Photographed: Aug. 3, 1903.
20 ft. [the 16mm copy]. FLA3570 (print) FRA0844 (neg.)
The film begins with a waist camera position or close-up of a young woman wearing an off-the-shoulder dress. Nothing else is visible except for the young woman from her waist to above the top of her head. The film was artificially lighted. She admires some long-stemmed roses she is holding. She smiles and talks during the film as if she were discussing the loveliness of the flowers with another person.
Another meaningful detail: the 1985 edition of Niver’s catalog does not include some of the classifications and subject headings assigned to titles in 1967. The first edition tags The Rose with “Comedy, Costumes, Series.” In “How to Use This Index” Niver wrote “Our selection of categories is of course somewhat arbitrary” — something the list of Library of Congress Subject Headings & Genre/Form Terms is designed to offset. The 1985 catalog includes The Rose in its index of comedies but removes the terms Costumes and Series from its description. To understand why The Rose was classified as part of a series we have to consult Niver’s “somewhat arbitrary” text of 1967, in which he reports “We used the word ‘series’ to describe those films where a repertory group made one complete film after another with a different plot” (p. xx). Even this is curious. Osterman is not named in the synopses of her 1903 AM&B films, making it impossible to realize that indeed Billy Bitzer shot several very short movies with Osterman in his studio. (She also appeared in a few productions later, including the well known 1904 narrative chase comedy The Lost Child.) But thanks to Spehr & Bowser’s work on the AM&B production logs, we can see that Osterman appeared in 13 productions at the AM&B studio on 14th Street in New York, shot with a six-week period in the summer of 1903. All were 35mm films, most slightly more than 50 feet in length (less than a minute duration). To distinguish them from their flip-card mutoscope offerings, they were advertised as New Subjects for Sprocket Films.
In fact Kathryn Osterman posed for 4 films on August 3rd alone, two recorded by cinematographer Bitzer, two by Wallace McCutcheon.
Chicks to Order (aka Strictly Fresh Eggs; aka Why She Didn’t Make the Cake ) and A Welsh Rabbit (aka Making a Welch Rabbit, made in June, are logged as comedy/trick films.
The Unfaithful Wife: The Lover
The Unfaithful Wife: The Fight [MEP metadata by Michael Nemchick]
The Unfaithful Wife: Murder and Suicide
differ from the others, being a narrative series — and quite un-comic. Thanks to MEP and LOC, we have unique digital access to these. A frame grabbed from each:
Thanks to the reprinted Biograph Bulletins, we can read the gruesome plot details. Not the stuff of peep shows!
In the studio later that July, Bitzer filmed Osterman in a second narrative drama, one with an exceptional 18-shot construction. A Search for Evidence uses keyhole mattes in point-of-view shots, described in Biograph Bulletin no. 14 (Sept. 21, 1903).
The film is not widely seen, despite its seemingly exceptional construction. The available video copies are of poor quality. Some YouTube versions are no doubt ripped from the 2007 DVD-R Biograph Productions (without D. W. Griffith), Volume One (1898-1905), released by Grapevine Video (known for low-fi editions of public domain silent films, starting in the VHS era). One appears to have the original Kemp Niver – LOC head title, although Niver has the title as A Search for the Evidence, rather than its copyright and release title, A Search for Evidence. This version races by at 2:32, while another adds contemporary music and runs 2:54. A third runs 3:10 with some anachronistic [jackass?] theater organ music and a fabricated head title using a later “Biograph Company” eagle logo.
As to the mise-en-scene in A Search for Evidence, its finale uses the same parlor set as The Unfaithful Wife parts 1 and 3, albeit with gender roles reversed. Here the faithful wife catches her unfaithful husband. Bitzer’s multi-shot editing and narrative pace made such an impression on Niver that he added a distinctive assessment to the synopsis: “Author’s note: The film made by a competitive company predates The Great Train Robbery.”
The other Osterman titles of 1903 give a better idea of how The Rose was situated as a mutoscopic tease, a moving picture designed for voyeuristic pleasures. So much so that the AM&B log does not currently list them as comedies but as “titillating?” The title Lucky Kitten takes on its suggestive connotation when revealed to be a “large figure study of a handsome young woman in décolleté evening gown.” The ad copy continued “She is fondling a tiny kitten and is snuggling it to her breast and cheek.” Niver’s Paper Print summary is cheeky: “The title is given as it appears on film and in the copyright application.” He sees the unnamed Osterman as “holding a small kitten against the skin above her low-cut dress.”
In “He Loves Me, He Loves Me Not” Osterman appears with another flower associated with romance, this time plucking petals from a daisy. In Sweets for the Sweet: “Again the stunning girl who posed for 2453 [LUCKY KITTEN] and 2454 [THE ROSE]. Here she is seen enjoying to the utmost the contents of a box of candy. Very winsome and very attractive.” The Widow is a “very piquant” turn, in which the title character weeps before a photograph of her husband, only to brighten and put on makeup when a young man calls on her. The Girl at the Window shows Osterman as “a pretty girl (figure large)” “looking for the approach of her lover with a pair of field glasses.” The references to the figure on screen as large or very large refer not to the human body but to the fact that these films show her in close-up and medium close-up compositions. The terminology of 1903 had not yet found a consistent way to describe cinematic elements that soon enough became standardized. In this era of “attractions” close-ups were not rare, but were striking enough to merit attention.
The emphasis on face instead of body also complicates the power dynamics of objectification. Osterman’s looking back and direct address illustrate that aspect of early cinema Tom Gunning found “emblematic” of the “relationship the cinema of attractions constructs with is spectator.” As his influential essay put it, such actions, when “undertaken with brio,” “rupture a self-enclosed fictional world for a chance to solicit the attention of the spectator.” And seldom did a performer express greater brio than Kathryn Osterman does in some of these 50-footers.
The two remaining titles — The Art of “Making Up” (1900) and In My Lady’s Boudoir (1903) — reveal this. The only place I could locate them online was on a stock footage company’s YouTube channel.
Also known as In Her Boudoir, the film at right is particularly striking, both to an old-guard preservationist like Kemp Niver (“The camera work is quite imaginative”) or an avant gardist such as Hollis Frampton, who purchased a 16mm print of what he called in 1980 the “soft-core Edwardian porn” in the Paper Print Collection. (Recall that we began the semester with Frampton’s Public Domain, his 1972 compilation of films from the LOC PPC.) The Boudoir film was shot by Wallace McCutcheon at Biograph — the same Wallace McCutcheon who “left AM&B in 1905 and went to Edison,” Paul Spehr’s Feb. 18 e-mail points out. That McCutcheon, who joined Edwin Porter in making Three American Beauties, made these Osterman films draws a straight line between The Rose and the other beauties. “It was Billy Bitzer on camera and no credit for director, but the principal director for such films was Wallace McCutcheon,” Spehr offers. “He returned to AM&B in the fall of 1907, so he might not have directed the remake of Three American Beauties. [but] The similarity is rather striking, no?” Yes!
The re-circulation of Three American Beauties began well before its DVD and Web appearances. This color reproduction appears in the beautiful book Before Hollywood: Turn-of-the Century Film from American Archives (American Federation of the Arts, 1986), edited by NYU faculty member Jay Leyda and his former student Charles Musser.
They also assembled a traveling program of 35mm films. Consisting of six screenings, Three American Beauties closed the second, functioning as it was originally intended as a “Good Night” coda.
Program 2: Pleasures and Pitfalls
Interior N.Y. Subway 14th Street to 42nd Street (1905) AM&B
Coney Island at Night (1905) Edison
The Hold-Up of the Rocky Mountain Express (1906) AM&B
The Miller’s Daughter (1905) Edison
Getting Evidence (1906) Edison
Photographing a Female Crook (1904) AM&B
The Black Hand (1906) AM&B
Terrible Ted (1907) AM&B
Foul Play; or, A False Friend (1906) Vitagraph
The Thieving Hand (1908) Vitagraph
The Unwritten Law: A Thrilling Drama Based on the Thaw-White Case (1907) Lubin
Three American Beauties (1906) Edison
The historiography of film should incorporate the documentation of the continuing circulation of films after their initial release. When the first posting about Three American Beauties appeared on this blog, historian Kathy Fuller-Seeley noted on my Facebook page that the Edison film “was Bert and Fannie Cook’s favorite. . . they showed their print for many years of their touring days as the Cook and Harris High Class Moving Picture Company.” She writes about specific screenings by these itinerant showpeople from Cooperstown, New York, including one in 1908 for which the Cooks advertised it as Three American Beauties in Color.
So add another alternative title to the database!
Works Cited
Kemp R. Niver authored these three reference books, edited by Bebe Bergsten.
Motion Pictures from the Library of Congress Paper Print Collection, 1894-1912 (University of California Press, 1967), revised and updated as Early Motion Pictures: The Paper Print Collection in the Library of Congress (Library of Congress, 1985); and Biograph Bulletins, 1896-1908 (Locare Research Group, 1971).
Hollis Frampton is quoted in Bill Simon’s “Talking about Magellan: An Interview with Hollis Frampton,” Millennium Film Journal 7/8/9 (Fall-Winter 1980-81), 5-26.
Fuller, Kathryn H. At the Picture Show: Small-town Audiences and the Creation of Movie Fan Culture (Smithsonian Institution Press, 1996; University of Virginia Press, 2000), 22.
Fuller-Seeley, Kathryn. “Modernity for Small Town Tastes: Movies at the 1907 Cooperstown, New York, Centennial,” in Explorations in New Cinema History: Approaches and Case Studies, ed. Richard Maltby, Daniel Biltereyst, and Philippe Meers (Wiley-Blackwell, 2011), 280-294. doi10.1002/9781444396416.ch16
Gunning, Tom. “The Cinema of Attraction[s]: Early Film, Its Spectator and the Avant-Garde,” in The Cinema of Attractions Reloaded, ed. Wanda Strauven (Amsterdam University Press, 2006): 381-88. First published in Wide Angle 8.3-4 (1986).
A chronological sort of the motion pictures that have digital surrogates from the Library of Congress, each available on MEP Mediathread platform. Most but not all are from the Paper Print Collection. Many are also on the web in various places, ranging from YouTube to the Internet Archive (archive.org) to a variety of Library of Congress web spaces. Of course the video version you see in the MEP project may well differ from other copies of the movie you find elsewhere (online, on DVD, in archives). Also, remember that we have collected other LOC early cinema works from other websites (mostly YouTube and LOC.gov) and added those to the class MEP project. Those additional titles are not on the list below.
Going to the Fire 1896
Pie Eating Contest 1897
Colored Troops Disembarking 1898
Tramp and the Muscular Cook, The 1898
Sherlock Holmes Baffled 1900
Watermelon Contest 1900
Old Maid and the Burglar, The 1901
Old Maid in the Horsecar, The 1901
Elopement, The 1902
Uncle Josh at the Moving Picture Show 1902
Cake Walk 1903
Divorce, The. Detected 1903
Divorce, The. On the Trail 1903
Divorce, The. The Evidence Secured 1903
Elopement, The 1903
Fate of the Artist’s Model, The. Part 1 1903
Fate of the Artist’s Model, The. Part 2 1903
Fate of the Artist’s Model, The. Part 3 1903
Fate of the Artist’s Model, The. Part 4 1903
Fate of the Artist’s Model, The. Part 5 1903
Goo Goo Eyes 1903
Hard Wash, A 1903
Kit Carson. No. 1 1903
Kit Carson. No. 10 1903
Kit Carson. No. 11 1903
Kit Carson. No. 2 1903
Kit Carson. No. 3 1903
Kit Carson. No. 4 1903
Kit Carson. No. 5 1903
Kit Carson. No. 7 1903
Kit Carson. No. 8 1903
Kit Carson. No. 9 1903
Native Women Coaling a Ship at St. Thomas, D.W.I. 1903
Native Women Washing Clothes at St. Vincent, B.W.I. 1903
Old Maid’s Picture, The 1903
Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1903
Who Pays for the Drinks 1903
Englishman’s Trip to Paris from London, An 1904
Nigger in a Woodpile 1904
Petticoat Lane on Sunday 1904
Rube Couple at a County Fair, A 1904
How Jones Lost His Roll [compilation film] 1905
How Jones Lost His Roll: Game of Cards 1905
How Jones Lost His Roll: Invitation to Dinner 1905
How Jones Lost His Roll: Jones Goes Home in a Barrel 1905
How Jones Lost His Roll: Jones Loses 1905
How Jones Lost His Roll: Jones Meets Skinflint 1905
How Jones Lost His Roll: Skinfint Treats Jones 1905
How Jones Lost His Roll: Skinflint’s Cheap Wine 1905
Seven Ages, The. Infancy. 1905
Seven Ages, The. Lovers. 1905
Seven Ages, The. Playmates 1905
Seven Ages, The. Schoolmates. 1905
Seven Ages, The. Second Childhood. 1905
Seven Ages, The. The Soldier. 1905
Seven Ages, The. What Age? 1905
Seven Ages, The. The Judge. 1905
Friend in Need Is a Friend Indeed, A 1906
Married for Millions 1906
Silver Wedding, The 1906
Subpoena Server, The 1906
Elopement, The 1907
Mill Girl, The 1907
Black Viper, The 1908
Ingrate, The 1908
Mr. Jones at the Ball 1908
Nellie, the Beautiful Housemaid (fragments) 1908
Planter’s Wife, The 1908
Romance of the Jewess 1908
Romeo and Juliet 1908
Zulu’s Heart, The 1908
At the Altar 1909
Baby’s Shoe, A 1909
Cardinal’s Conspiracy, The 1909
Convict’s Sacrifice, A 1909
Cord of Life, The 1909
Country Doctor, The 1909
Criminal Hypnotist, The 1909
Curtain Pole, The 1909
Death Disc, The 1909
Fools of Fate 1909
The Girls and Daddy 1909
Jones and His New Neighbors 1909
Jones and the Lady Book Agent 1909
The Joneses Have Amateur Theatricals 1909
Light That Came, The 1909
Light That Came, The [remastered] 1909
Little Darling, The 1909
Mr. Jones Burglar 1909
Mr. Jones Has a Card Party 1909
Mrs. Jones’ Lover 1909
Necklace, The 1909
Peach-Basket Hat, The 1909
Restoration, The 1909
Salvation Army Lass, The 1909
Sealed Room, The 1909
Slave, The 1909
Strange Meeting, A 1909
Two Memories 1909
What’s Your Hurry? 1909
Arcadian Maid, An 1910
As the Bells Rang Out 1910
Call, The 1910
Gold Is Not All 1910
His Sister-in-law 1910
In Life’s Cycle 1910
Muggsy Becomes a Hero 1910
Plain Song, A 1910
Romance of the Western Hills, A 1910
Rose o’ Salem Town 1910
Salutary Lesson, A 1910
Two Little Waifs 1910
Unchanging Sea, The 1910
Wilful Peggy 1910
Winning Back His Love 1910
Two Paths, The 1911
Baby and the Stork, The 1912
Flo’s Discipline 1912
Goddess of Sagebrush Gulch, The 1912
Paul J. Rainey’s African Hunt 1912
Two Fathers, The 1912
Up a Tree 1912
When Kings Were the Law 1912
With the Enemy’s Help 1912
Not Like Other Girls 1913
Rastus and the Game Cock 1913
Billionaire, The 1914
Charity Ball, The 1914
Woman In Black, The 1914
&
Sleepy Sam, the Sleuth 1915
NYU CINE-GT 1015 Film History/Historiography filmography.
Here’s the early cinema we’ve seen thus far, including the compilation films that include films made before 1908.
Edison Kinetoscopic Record of a Sneeze, Jan. 7, 1894 (W.K.L. Dickson, Edison, 1894)
Public Domain (Hollis Frampton, 1972)
consists of these films, in this order, all from 16mm prints in the Paper Print Collection.
The Film of Her (Bill Morrison, 1996) includes exerpts from these PPC titles.
• The Cavalier’s Dream (Vitagraph-Edison, 1898)
• A Spiritualist Photographer (Le Portrait Spirite, Méliès, 1903)
• Edison Kinetoscopic Record of a Sneeze (Edison, 1894)
• Monkeyshines no. 2 (1890)
• Hadj Cheriff (Edison, 1894)
• [Athlete with Wand] (Edison, 1894)
• Electrocuting an Elephant (Edison, 1903)
• Uncle Josh at the Moving Picture Show (Edison, 1902)
• The Animated Picture Studio (AMB, 1903)
Niver vs. Walls (Bill Morrison, 2016),
with Flag Dance (AMB, 1896) and Panoramic View of the White Pass Railroad (Edison 1899)
Time and Tide (Peter Hutton, 2000) which begins with Down the Hudson (1903)
Statue of Liberty (Edison, 1898);
Waterfall in the Catskills; Falls of Minnehaha (Edison, 1897)
American Falls Goat Island (Niagara Falls); Panoramic View of Niagara Falls (AMB, 1903)
Circular Panorama of Horse Shoe Falls Winter (Niagara Falls) (Edison, 1904)
Captain Nissen Going through Whirlpool Rapids (Edison, 1901)
Down the Hudson (AMB, 1903)
A Trip Down Market Street (Before the Fire) (Miles Bros., 1906)
Interior New York Subway, 14th Street to 42nd Street (AMB, 1905) G. W. Bitzer
Star Theatre (AMB, 1901)
G. A. Smith (UK) mutli-shot films
• Kiss in the Tunnel (1899)
• Let Me Dream Again (1900)
• Grandma’s Reading Glass (1900)
• As Seen through a Telescope (1900)
Edison, Porter
• The Gay Shoe Clerk (1903)
• How a French Nobleman Got a Wife through the New York Herald Personal Columns (1904)
• The Whole Dam Family and the Dam Dog (1905)
• Coney Island at Night (1905)
• Three American Beauties (1906)
Before the Nickelodeon: The Cinema of Edwin S. Porter (Charles Musser, 1982)
films by Porter for Edison unless indicated otherwise. In order of appearance:
David Shepard, 1971
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zTEbqa7jaGU&t=1s