Project 2. Atomic orbits. The shape of electrons orbits in atoms.
Before we start…
Since the time, when Rutherford model of Hydrogen atom was presented over hundred years ago, there was no progress in the attempts to find the shape of orbit of any atom.
Including Hydrogen. Experiments show that the orbit is spherical. Electrodynamics proved that the orbit is not circular.
Bohr explained the positions of energy states in Hydrogen atoms as well as energies of transitions between these states.
Nobody was able to do the same for atom of Helium or any other atom of Periodic Table. Not even Quantum Mechanics. Moreover Uncertainty Principle makes sure that statistical approach will never be able to provide any details of the shape of atomic orbit.
So we need to start from the very beginning. First elements are Hydrogen and Helium atoms.
Besides the shape of the orbits we need to emphasize the role of orbital moments and spins in theory of chemical bonds. We explain the reason for complicated energy structure of atoms of Ortho- and Para- Helium. In most atoms the ground state is the lowest energy state. But not in Helium atom. We present simple orbit model, which explains the fact the ground state of Helium atom is not its lowest energy state.
Later, when we present orbits for other elements, we shall discuss such questions as why 1s electrons in Helium atom are “noble” and do not “want” to enter chemical reactions, but 2s electrons in Beryllium are not “noble”, why some electrons “attract” each other in binding orbitals, but other do not attract in unbinding orbitals.
More important is the question about why the energy of chemical bond between the same atoms is different in different molecules as well as the energy difference between single, double and triple bonds of Carbon atoms.
We hope to simplify answers to these and some other questions. The key is in Electrodynamics, which indicate that dipole and quadrupole moments interactions are responsible for chemical bonds and chemical activity of atoms and molecules.
Note:
There is no contradictions with Quantum Mechanics in our Project 2, because we do not use Statistics or Quantum Mechanics operators, acting on wave functions. It means that we are not restricted with Uncertainty Principle.
This is the initial working version of the Project 2.
It will be added and corrected with future development of this Project..