Mexican Rótulos  

Most of the local businesses in Mexico City don’t pay for a logo or a fancy brand identity, or at least they didn’t use to. Anywhere you look around in this city, you’ll see colorful handwritten words that announce something. It could be food, a cybercafe, an auto repair workshop, a dentist’s office, and any business you could have in mind. These handwritten signs are called rótulos. 

I wasn’t precisely a big fan of the rótulos, especially because when these words are painted on walls don’t receive the right maintenance, they start looking dirty and abandoned. However, one day I bumped into this post from a vintage clothes shop I follow: 

This rótulo reads “Love yourself today. It is for free.” /IG: @lupebaezvintage. The creator of this rótulo is the sir sitting in the picture. The suitcase with words written on is where he carries all of his materials. 

Probably it was the contrast between this trendy store owned by millennials who decided to give it a try to this old technique, and seeing the process behind these signs (the shop was posting the process on their Instagram stories) that made me value these works and think to myself “Hey, they are actually so cute!”.

Learning More About the Term

First of all, to write this entry I tried to find an appropriate translation for the term “rótulo”. These were: “signage” and “sign”. The word comes from the Latin rotulus which refers to a roll of parchment or papyrus on which something was written to have a permanent record, and it can also mean “sign’ or “label”. 

A rotulus 

The words “sign” and “label” contain the essence of what a rótulo was for me in my mind before looking it up, but still, it didn’t convince me completely. I ended up finding out that a rótulo is simply something drawn on a surface that indicates something and if you google the word you can come up with things like this among the first results:

Sign by “Mateo Rótulos” announced on their website as the oldest signage makers in Biscay

Today I learned that a rótulo is a word in Spanish that simply indicates any kind of sign or signage. Why didn’t I know this before? Because for me rótulos were specifically these hand-drawn colorful words accompanied by some cheerful and sometimes funny illustrations that a lot of businesses in Mexico use to indicate what they sell. 

 Street Food Stand in Mexico City; It reads “The Torta’s (Sandwich) Madness” announcing the name of the place. 

As we can appreciate, there is a huge artistic and stylistic gap between the Coca-Cola Sign and this lovely sandwich business. This is why I decided to use this entry to learn more about them and to share with you the history of this colorful art called Rotulación that decorates my city. 

Its History and Its Beginnings in Mexico 

Rotulismo is the art of writing letters and numbers in a standard way or form. This art has as the main goal to get people’s attention and transmit a message. It started in the Middle Ages when the most used surfaces to make this kind of work were wood and metal.

Example of a Medieval Sign 

The rotulismo tradition arrived in Mexico at the beginning of the 20th-Century, around the end of the Mexican Revolution (1917). Commerce started emerging after the war, and business owners wanted to boost their businesses’ visibility. Seeing this demand, a lot of people without truly artistic preparation, started dedicating their lives to makerótulos. They had more technical than artistic knowledge, and they developed a product that was simple and functional, but also attractive. 

@marfilu on Twitter. A milkshake street stand in Mexico City. 

The rótulo makers started using typography, style, and type of stroke that was inherited from their families. They were mostly self-taught. Nonetheless, in some cases, their knowledge was improved by acquiring technical drawing and advertising design knowledge from whichever source they could. One of these resources was the Speedball Manual which is a lettering guide, published by a US manufacturing company of stationery and art products. You can check out a pdf of an old Speedball Manual here. 

Cover Page of the Speedball Manual 

Page from the Speedball Manual 

The most common typographies used for rótulos are Futura, Open Sans, Helvetica, Fonseca, Garamond and Gothic. 

Most Used Fonts

A Disappearing Art

The colors, typography, and everything that makes part of this iconic art has been part of the essence of Mexico City for the past century. Nevertheless, since they started as a fast solution for an increasing demand a hundred years ago, now the rótulos are slowly being replaced by more modern and refined options. The first graphic design school in Mexico opened in 1968, so the birth of graphic designers and the arrival of the digital impression, marked the beginning of the end. The rótulos business started declining and the people dedicated to this got adapted to these new changes or disappeared. This process of adaptation implied the end of the rotulismo art and its techniques. 

A rótulo with Woody Woodpecker that reads “fresh chicken” for a poultry shop

The Drawings 

Inspired by the Woody Woodpecker above, I want to share more of the drawings that sometimes make part of the rótulos. To me, they are hilarious if I think about how ironic they are, but I have also come to normalize them for how common they have been in my life. Is not only that sometimes they contain an animal killing another animal from the same species (as in the previous example), it is also the fact that these drawings are a lot of times bad copies of already existing cartoons. 

Rótulo for a  establishment that sells a pork-meat based dish called “carnitas”

The example above is a low-key creepy drawing where three pigs are cooking the carnitas maker. The shades used here make the pigs look as if the only light they are receiving was coming from the fire, making them resemble evil witches with a cauldron. And yes, this is something that you could normally see painted on the wall of your favorite restaurant. 

Rótulos inspired by Porky from the Looney Tunes

These rótulos above with a smiley pig, are one of the most common within the carnitas industry. This smiley pig is a copy of Porky from the Looney-Tunes, and the most common version of this drawing is Porky smiling inside the saucepan where he is being cooked. Ironic and cruel. 

The Last Rótulo Maker

Martín Hernández, known as “the last rótulo maker”

In a small shop in Mexico City’s downtown, specifically the number 58 on Perú Street, you can find Mr. Martín Hernández. This street was known for grouping a lot of rótulo makers. Today, Mr. Hernandez’s workshop is one of the few that are still working. 

“Tacos and Juices ‘Upside Down'”

He explained in an interview that there’s some psychology behind the rotulismo process. For example, specific colors would be used for the type of business they were doing it for. For a hair salon, they would use blue and red letters. For butcheries, they would use white walls and red letters because this color was associated with blood. He says that it is necessary to have a good sense of humor and that for some poultry shops he would draw some chickens riding a Ferris wheel. 

“Super Healing Juices”

Mr. Hernández also explains that before, the rótulos served for a bigger purpose since a big part of the population was illiterate and the drawings helped to interpret the message. 

Efforts to Preserve It  

Rótulos make part of Mexico City’s identity and recent history. They involve a style,  a kind of psychology of color, a specific sense of humor, and techniques that haven’t been registered in any kind of manual. All of this was transmitted from grandparents to their grandchildren and has evolved throughout time and it’s truly a shame that all these elements are getting lost with the decreasing use of this art. 

Mexicana de Rotulación’s Facebook Profile Picture

In more recent years, groups like Mexicana de Rotulación have been trying to make an online archive for this art. They have created a series of videos where they interview rótulo makers who explain their techniques and an Instagram account where they immortalize rótulos that exist around the city. Museums and street art festivals are also trying to keep rótulos alive by dedicating exhibitions to them and giving spaces to rótulo makers. 

Exhibition at the MUCA (University’s Museum of Arts and Sciences) dedicated to rotulismo

It’s now up to us, millennials and gen-z’s to keep this art alive. To appreciate its value, beauty, and historical importance and keep doing efforts to use it, to continue giving it spaces, and make a register so it doesn’t die in nothingness.

IG: @cafeinadulce

It made me smile opening my Instagram five minutes ago and seeing that an influencer that I follow posted the exterior of a stationery shop (here above) with some rotulismo work. The teddy bear reads: “I love you”.

By the way, local stationary shops in Mexico sell stuffed animals. 

References

Acuña, Carlos. “El último rotulista de la CDMX”. Más Por Más. 19 July 2018. https://www.maspormas.com/especiales/el-ultimo-rotulista-de-la-cdmx/ 

Cera, Diego.”Mexicana de Rotulación: el proyecto que rescata y registra la tradición del rótulo en la ciudad”. Local. 27 May 2019. https://local.mx/cultura/diseno/mexicana-de-rotulacion/

De Sal, Salomé.”La Gráfica Popular Mexicana: El Rótulo.” Tercera Vía. 16 April 2020. https://guanajuato.terceravia.mx/2020/04/la-grafica-popular-mexicana-el-rotulo/

MXCity.”La Fabulosa Historia De La Gráfica Popular Mexicana”. MXCity. https://mxcity.mx/2016/11/la-fabulosa-historia-la-grafica-popular-mexicana/ 

Vazquez, Martin Julio.”El rotulismo en México: tradición e identidad”. Domestic. 14 May 2019. https://www.domestika.org/es/blog/1975-el-rotulismo-en-mexico-tradicion-e-identidad 

 

 

Mexico 68 and the Designs That Never Left

 

Historical Background

In 1968, Mexico City was chosen to be the host city for the XIX Olympic Games in October. For Mexicans and people from all over the world, this event isn’t remembered for the superhuman abilities that the participant athletes showed during two weeks, nor for the joy that comes with a massive and international event like this one. Instead, if you mention “Mexico 68” the first thing that comes to the mind of thousands is the student massacre that took place just ten days before the opening ceremony. 

“Mexico 68, Year of Repression” 

In that year, social movements all over the world against the bureaucratic and military elites were erupting, like in the United States where people were protesting against the Vietnam War and participating in the Civil Rights Movement. Continuous protests started being organized in the capital of Mexico, and the government was nervous about the image of Mexico that was being distributed by the media just before the Olympics, especially since hundreds of journalists started arriving in the country during the months previous to the sports event. The image that the government, led by president Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, was trying to transmit was “peace and cordiality” which evidently wasn’t the case. 

Gustavo Díaz Ordaz greeting some athletes 

On October 2, 1968, over fifteen thousand people gathered at La Plaza de las Tres Culturas (Three Cultures Plaza) to protest peacefully asking to stop police brutality, among other things. Nonetheless, the government decided to send military forces. They opened fire without any warnings and shot indiscriminately at students, teachers, men, women, and children. The death toll was manipulated and hidden for years, but it’s said to be around 325 deaths. However, this event not only left scars but also, in a less evident way, it left some good things behind that until today are icons of Mexico City. One of these things is the visual identity developed for the Olympic Games that until today is present in Mexico City’s inhabitants’ daily lives. 

 

Lance Wyman: The Chosen One 

Lance Wyman in 1968

For the Olympic Games branding, Mexico organized an international competition to find a designer and Lance Wyman was the winner. Wyman, back then, was a 29-year-old designer born in New Jersey. He graduated with a degree in Industrial Design in 1960 from Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, New York. After that, he attended Yale for his graduate studies, where he met Paul Rand and became interested in logo design. 

Paul Rand’s logo design for IBM that someone presented in class during our second week of class (1981).

Lance Wyman first worked as a graphic designer for General Motors, and then, in 1962, he did the graphics for the 1962 USA Pavilion at the trade fair in Zagreb, Yugoslavia. The theme of the exhibition was “leisure time” and he designed a logo in the shape of an hourglass with a sun and moon image in the top half. The logo became a three-dimensional structure that was the gateway to the exhibit. 

Wyman’s Logotype for the US Pavilion 

Wyman went to Mexico City in 1966 for the Olympics graphic design competition with Peter Murdoch as his partner and about this he said that:  “It was the beginning of an adventure that has continued to influence my work and my life”. 

 

The Construction Process of “Mexico 68”

Mexico 68 Staff Uniform including the logo of “Mexico 68”

Wyman obtained inspiration by visiting the most famous museums in Mexico City, especially the museum of anthropology where numerous objects from the prehispanic cultures are preserved. From the pre-hispanic art he took the bold lines, geometric shapes, and the colorfulness he observed. To this, he added optical art he appreciated when he was in New York. 

Pre-Hispanic Art that inspired Wyman

His departing point for the logotype were the Olympic rings that he incorporated inside the number “68’ 

Then, he added the word “Mexico” next to the number. And finally, a pattern that follows the shapes of the letter and the numbers. 

 

The Rest of His Work

Weyman developed a whole typeface that was used everywhere in Mexico City to promote the games. From the names of the stadiums, to dresses, hats, and balloons. The typeface was there to indicate that something was associated with the sports event. 

Mexico 68’ Typeface and promotional products. 

In September 1968, Mexico City’s subway system was inaugurated and it also needed a branding.    To help the visitors move around the city, the branding team was also in charge of creating a navigation system organized by colors. The navigation system and the branding needed to be created in a way that was understandable for locals and for the thousands of tourists that were going to visit the city for the event. 

Color coded map of Mexico City with the main stadiums 

The STC (which is the system in charge of the metro in Mexico City) also wanted a logo and a representative icon for each metro station. The metro logo was designed by Wyman and the stations’ iconography was designed also by him and the Mexicans Arturo Quiñónez and Francisco Gallardo. 

Mexico City’s Metro Logotype

The three designers studied meticulously the history and what characterized the surrounding area of each one of the stations to come up with a representative symbol for them.  

Line 1 of Mexico City’s Metro System 

For example, in the picture above, the fifth station has a tree as an icon. This is because next to that metro station is “The Tree of The Sad Night” which is the tree where Hernan Cortés cried after he was defeated by the Aztecs. 

Conclusion

Mexico 68 is a wound in Mexico’s history, but it did me good to learn about these magnificent designs and the legacy they left behind. I grew up knowing that the nearest metro station to my house had a shrimp as an icon. I didn’t even know how to read, but I already knew how to use the metro (or sort of). In my personal opinion, Mexico City’s metro system is the easiest one to use compared to the one in NYC, Paris, and Dubai. No matter the language you speak or if you don’t know how to read. You can use the metro in Mexico City thanks to the power of graphic design. 

“Camarones” (shrimps) Metro Station Icon

Consulted Websites

Wyman, Lance. “Lance Wyman” Webesteem Art & Design Magazine.  http://art.webesteem.pl/9/wyman_en.php. 2004. 

Wooldrage, Chloe. “Mexico Olympics 1968”. Medium. https://medium.com/fgd1-the-archive/mexico-olympics-1968-32fc8d7e0e45 17 October 2017. 

Redacción ADN 40. “Esta es la historia de los íconos de las estaciones del Metro CDMX”. ADN 40. https://www.adn40.mx/ciudad/metro-cdmx-iconos-estaciones-mva-especial 11 May 2021.